188 
Bugs, Cicadas, Aphids, and Scale-insects 
over the leaf-surfaces, closing the breathing-pores (stomata) and thus truly 
suffocating the plant. Although this scale species has been known for a 
century and a half, the males have 
been seen but few times and in but 
few places. Another familiar member 
of this group, which secretes a distinct 
white waxen egg-sac, is the maple- 
scale, Pulvinaria innumerabilis (Fig. 
255), common on maples in the 
eastern states. 
Of the third group, that of the 
most specialized (degenerate) scales, 
the pernicious scale, already fully 
described, may be taken as a shining 
example. There is a host of these 
armored scale-insects, and few trees or 
Fig. 255. Fig. 256. 
Fig. 255.—The maple-scale, Pulvinaria innumerabilis. Females with egg-sacs on the 
twig; young scales on under side of leaf, and a single young scale, much enlarged, 
at left. (After Felt; natural size.) 
Fig. 256 .—Lecanium scales attacked by the fungus Cordyceps clavulata. (After Pettit; 
much enlarged.) 
shrubs escape their attacks. The various genera are mostly distinguishable 
by the shape of the covering scale, but to determine the species exactly 
requires, for many, careful examination, under high powers of the microscope, 
of the minute chitinous processes which form a fine fringe along the posterior 
margin of the last abdominal segment. To make this examination it is 
necessary to remove the female from under her scale, and mount her cleared 
body flat in balsam or glycerine on a glass slide. An important species 
in this group is the red orange-scale, Aspidiotus aurantii (Fig. 257), common 
in orange-groves of southern California. A species very closely resembling 
it is A. ficus , common in the Florida groves. On pine-needles one may 
often note small, narrow elongate white waxen scales, with the smaller, 
yellowish-brown exuviae at one end; these belong to the widely spread species 
Chionaspis pinijolice. On apple-trees often occurs a roughened shining 
