192 Bugs, Cicadas, Aphids, and Scale-insects 
and soon moult, losing at this time the legs and antennae. After a second 
moulting, however, minute new legs and antennae are again to be seen, and 
later the wing-pads appear, and wings, legs, and antennae develop and grow 
apace; at a last moulting the insect leaves the protection of its beautiful little 
case and flies away. Leaving the pupa-case is a slow and toilsome process, 
the imago often struggling for hours before it is free and ready for flight. 
Fig. 261. —The Southern California oak-scale, Cerococcus quercus . 
(Photograph by Rose Patterson; natural size.) 
All of the pupae secrete “honey-dew,” sometimes in such quantities that 
the leaf around the case, and the top of the case itself, are covered with it. 
This honey-dew is emitted from the tip of a little flap-like anal structure called 
the lingula (Fig. 266). The sweet liquid honey-dew, when exposed to the 
air, becomes thick and finally hardens. The spores of fungi often germinate 
in the excreted honey-dew, and numerous ant-species collect it for food. 
