272 
Beetles 
these. It bores into live apple-twigs in early spring, entering close to a 
bud, and making a burrow several inches long for food and shelter. Twigs 
of pears and cherries are similarly infested. Both sexes bore these tunnels; 
the males have two sharp little horns on the prothorax. The eggs are laid 
in the dead or dying shoots of the greenbrier (Smilax) or in the dead shoots 
of grape. The larvae feed on these roots or shoots and pupate in them. 
The remedy is to cut off and burn infested twigs, and to keep greenbrier 
from growing near the orchard. The red-shouldered sinoxylon, Sinoxylon 
basilare , \ inch long, black with large reddish blotch at the base of each 
wing-cover, has a larva which bores into the stems of grape-vines and into 
twigs of apple and peach. This larva is a much-wrinkled grub, yellowish 
white with swollen anterior segments, three pairs of short legs, a small head, 
and an arched body. The pupa is formed inside the burrow and is of a 
pale-yellowish color. The only remedy is to remove and burn the infested 
canes and twigs. 
TRIBE LAMELLICORNIA. 
In this tribe are only two families, one small but containing strangely 
shaped and interesting beetles, the other very large. In both the terminal 
segments of the antennae have conspicuous lateral prolongations in the shape 
of teeth or plates (lamellae) (Fig. 340, 8 and 9). The families may be dis¬ 
tinguished as follows: 
Antennae elbowed, the club (terminal segments) composed of segments with fixed 
' transverse teeth; mandibles of the male often greatly developed. 
(Stag-beetles.) Lucanid^e. 
Antennae not elbowed, the club composed of segments modified to be large flat 
plates which can be shut together like the leaves of a book; mandibles of 
males not greatly enlarged. 
(Lamellicorn leaf-chafers and scavenger-beetles.) Scarab^eid^e* 
The stag-beedes, Lucanidae, get their name from the extraordinary 
hyper-development and curious branching stag-horn-like processes of the 
males of certain of the larger, more conspicuous species. Only fourteen 
or fifteen North American species of stag-beetles are known, but the abun¬ 
dance and striking appearance of several of them make the family a well- 
known one. The adult beetles are found on trees, where they presumably live 
on the sap flowing from bruised places, and on honey-dew secreted by aphids 
and scale-insects. In captivity they will take moistened sugar. Comstock 
believes that some species feed on decomposing wood. The large white 
globular eggs are laid in crevices of the bark near the base of the trunk, 
and the white, soft, fat-bodied larvae (grubs) burrow into the tree either in 
rotten or sound, wood, and live there for a long time. It is said that the 
larvae of some of the larger species require six years to complete their growth. 
