The Moths and Butterflies 
3 61 
ments; one of these pairs is on the last segment and four, which is the num¬ 
ber present in all except the inch worms or loopers (larvae of the Geometrid 
moths), are on the sixth, seventh, eighth, and ninth segments behind the 
head. The inchworms have prop-legs only (with a few exceptions) on the 
ninth and last segments. These 
prop-legs, together with the striped 
or hairy body-surface, make a 
moth or butterfly larva almost as 
readily recognizable for what it is 
as the scale-covered wings make 
Fig. 510. Fig. 511. Fig. 512. 
Fig. 510.—Cross-section of sucking-proboscis of milkweed-butterfly, Anosia plexippus; 
see tubular cavity, c., formed by apposition of the two maxillae, tr., trachea; n., nerve; 
m. , muscles. (After Burgess; greatly magnified.) 
Fig. 511.—Bit of maxillary proboscis of milkweed-butterfly, Anosia plexippus , showing 
arrangement of muscles in the interior; these muscles serve to coil up or to extend 
the proboscis; see groove on inner face of maxilla, in., muscles; tr., trachea; 
n. , nerve; c., groove. 
Fig. 512.—Diagram of arrangement of pharynx, oesophagus, etc., in interior of head 
of monarch butterfly, Anosia plexippus, showing means of producing suction in 
the proboscis, oe., oesophagus; dm., dorsal muscle; /.m., frontal muscle; cl., clypeus; 
hyp., hypopharynx; s.d., salivary duct; ep., epipharvnx; mx., maxilla. 
the adult moth or butterfly distinguishable from any other kind of insect. 
The chrysalids with their hard shell, but with the folded antennae, legs, and 
wings of the enclosed developing adult always indicated, are also hardly to 
be mistaken for the pupae of any other orders, while even the eggs, when ex¬ 
amined under a magnifier, mostly reveal their lepidopterous parentage by 
the beautiful fine sculpturing of the shell (Fig. 67). As will be noted 
from a perusal of the accounts of the life-history of various familiar and 
representative moths and butterflies given in the following pages, there is 
much variety in the means shown of protecting the defenceless pupae; some 
are subterranean, the leaf-feeding larvae crawling down from tree-top or 
weed-stem and burrowing into the ground before pupation; others are 
enclosed in a tough silken cocoon spun by the larva before making its 
last moult; while those which are not protected in one or the other of these 
ways either lie in concealed spots under stones or in cracks of the bark, 
etc., or are so colored and patterned that they blend indistinguishably with 
the object against which they are suspended. The larvae have also their 
