362 
The Moths and Butterflies 
various means of defence; the hairy ones are an uncomfortable mouthful 
for a bird, the naked and brightly marked ones usually contain an acrid 
and distasteful body fluid, while still others find protection in a color pattern 
harmonizing with their habitual environment. 
The food-habits of the larvae make of many of them serious pests of 
our growing crops. Most are leaf-eaters and all are voracious feeders, so 
that an abundance of cutworms or army-worms or maple-worms or tomato- 
worms always means hard times for their favorite food-plants, which are 
too often growing grain and 
vegetables, and leafing or¬ 
chard and foliage trees. 
Others attack fruits, as that 
dire apple pest, the codlin- 
moth larva; while still others 
Fig. 513. Fig. 514. 
Fig. 513.—Front of head, with scales removed, of sphinx-moth, showing frontal sclerites 
and mouth-parts, ep., epicranium; su., suture; cl., clypeus; ge., gena or cheek; pf., 
pilifer of labrum; md., mandible. Between the two pilifers the base of the sucking- 
proboscis composed of the apposed maxillae is seen. (Much enlarged.) 
Fig. 514.—Diagram showing mouth-parts of Lepidoptera. Figure in upper left-hand 
comer, head, with scales removed, of Catocala sp.: cl., clypeus; ge., gena or cheek; 
mx.p., maxillary palpus; p}., pilifer of labrum. In upper right-hand comer, ventral 
aspect of head of Catocala sp.: mx.p., maxillary palpus; ge., gena or cheek; mx.b., 
base of maxilla; gu., gula; lm., labium; Ip., basal segment of labial palpus. In 
lower left-hand corner, frontal aspect of head, with scales removed, of sphinx- 
moth, Protoparce Carolina: ep., epicranium; cl., clypeus; lb., labrum; pf., pilifer 
of labrum; md., mandible; ge., gena or cheek. In lower right-hand corner, front 
of head, with scales removed, of monarch butterfly, Anosia plexippus lb., labrum; 
g., gena or cheek; p}., pilifer of labrum. (Much enlarged.) 
are content with dry organic substances, as the larvae of clothes-moths, meal- 
moths, and the like. For all of this kind of feeding very different mouth- 
parts are needed from the delicate sucking-proboscis characteristic of the 
adults, and the lepidopterous larvae are all provided with well-formed jaw-like 
mandibles and other parts going to make up a biting mouth structure. The 
larval eyes are simple ones, not compound as in the adults; the antennae 
are short and inconspicuous, not large and feathered as in the moths, or 
long and thread-like, with knobbed tip, as in the butterflies. Altogether the 
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