The Moths and Butterflies 
373 
in color, being grayish, yellowish brown, and reddish brown, with a few 
silvery-whitish irregular streaks on the upper 
wing surface. They fly swiftly and are said to 
prefer twilight. The males of some species give 
off a strong scent to attract the females. Others 
seem to show off their silvery spots by hovering 
for some time in the air at twilight, being con¬ 
spicuous, despite the semi-darkness and the 
Fl 2;. 527 ;7- Th » cl ° thes - I f >th ’ quiet general coloration of the moth, by a pale 
Tinea pellionella; larva, larva u & ’ j v 
in case, and adult. (After silvery appearance. Females have been seen 
Howard and Marlatt; twice fly directly to the ghostly hovering males 
as if strongly attracted. The grub-like larvae 
feed in the roots of various plants, as ferns and others, or in the trunk-wood 
of various shrubs and trees, and live for two or three years. Sthenopis 
argenteo-maculatus feeds first in the roots of alder, later going into the 
stems. It either pupates in its burrow or in a loose cocoon in the soil. 
The pupae are provided with certain short spiny teeth, and can wriggle so 
strongly that they are able to move about in the burrows or soil, and when 
ready to transform work their way to the surface of the ground. 
The Jugatse are looked on by Comstock as equivalent in ranking to all 
the other moths and all the butterflies combined which are given the sub¬ 
ordinal name Frenatae. That is, this scant dozen of persisting represen¬ 
tatives of the ancient moth type, or rather 
of immediate offshoots from the ancestral 
type, are to be distinguished subordinally 
from all other living Lepidoptera, however 
more striking may appear the differences 
between some of these, as the obscure 
clothes-moths and the regal Cecropias, or the 
dull moth-millers and the brilliant day-fly¬ 
ing butterflies. The Frenate Lepidoptera 
include all those forms which have the vena¬ 
tion of the hind wings reduced (branches 
less in number than in the fore wings) 
and whose wings are tied together by a 
frenulum (Fig. 533) or by the expanded 
humeral angle of the hind wing overlapping 
the base of the fore wing, or by no more 
elaborate means than the simple overlapping 
of front margin of hind wing and hind 
margin of fore wing, but never by a jugum, 
the caddis-fly-like method common to the Micropterygids and Hepialids. 
Fig. 528. —Larva of the palmer- 
worm, Y psolophus pomatellus , 
lying under its web spun on a 
leaf (After Lowe; natural length 
i inch.) 
