444 
The Moths and Butterflies 
coloring, as grayish blue, lilac-blue, purple-blue, etc., in number and distinct¬ 
ness of the small black spots, but only an expert can determine the 
species. 
Less in number of species and perhaps not quite so familiar are the 
“coppers” with orange, red-brown or dark-brown wings conspicuously 
spotted with black. Fig. 4 of PI. X shows the color, markings, and size 
of a typical “copper,” Heodes hypophlaas , “one of the commonest butter¬ 
flies in the United States.” Most of the other coppers have, however, hardly 
as bright-red a ground color on the fore wings, some being really somber. 
Most of them, too, are a little larger than hypophlaas. A species patterned 
and colored much like hypophlaas , but a half larger, is Chrysophanus thoe , 
found in the Atlantic states and west to the Rocky Mountains. The har¬ 
vester, Feniseca tarquinius , small, with bright orange-yellow above spotted 
with black and mottled gray and brown underneath, is a common species 
all through the eastern states west to the Mississippi River; its larva feeds 
on the woolly plant-lice like the alder blight, apple-tree aphid, etc. 
The hair-streaks, mostly belonging to the genus Thecla, have short narrow 
lines or streaks on the under sides of the wings, and are usually provided 
with one or more delicate little “tails” on the hind wings. They vary in 
color from a dull brown to a splendid glancing blue or blue-green. They 
usually have one or more reddish spots at the base of the “tails” and the 
under sides of the hind wings are often greenish or parti-colored. Thecla 
halesus, the “great purple hair-streak” (PI. V, Fig. 9), is our largest 
species, and is found in the southern half of the country. Like the blues 
the hair-streaks are very difficult to classify to species; indeed professional 
entomologists are not at all satisfied with our present systematic knowledge 
of the Lycaenidae. 
In the extreme southwest are found rather rarely the few species of 
“metal-marks,” Lemonias and Calephelis, black and reddish checkered 
Lycaenids, which occur in this country. Sometimes, as in L. virgulti , the 
wings are spotted with white. The vernacular name is derived from a few 
small lead-colored or pearly-white spots near the outer margin of the wings. 
The tiny metal-mark, Calephilis canius, expanding only J inch, and with 
the reddish-brown wings spotted with small steely-blue markings, comes 
as far north as Virginia. 
A smaller family than the Hesperidae or Lycaenidae, but with numerous 
better-known members, is the Pieridae, the whites, yellows, and orange- 
tips. Because the larvae of several species feed on cabbage and other 
cruciferous plants, the unhappy name of cabbage-butterflies is sometimes 
applied to them. The common whites and yellows are the most familiar 
of roadside butterflies, but of the sixty species composing the family in this 
country, only half a dozen occur in the northeastern states, the south and 
