The Moths and Butterflies 
445 
west being the favored regions of distribution. All the species except two or 
three are of medium size, that is, have an expanse of ij to 2 inches, and 
have white or yellow, from light sulphur to orange, as ground color, with 
markings of black. The larvae are mostly green, longitudinally striped, 
with more or less distinct lines usually paler, and harmonize so thoroughly 
in coloration and appearance with the green foliage on which they feed that 
they are not often seen. The chrysalids are naked, supported at the pos¬ 
terior tip and also by a loose silken bridle, and distinguished from other 
butterfly pupae by a conspicuous median-pointed process on the head end. 
The males of many Pierids give off a pleasing aromatic odor which comes 
from certain scent-scales (androconia) scattered about over the wing-surface. 
If the fore wings of a freshly caught male cabbage-butterfly be rubbed 
between thumb and finger, this scent can be readily smelled on the fingers. 
It is used to attract or excite the females. 
The three most abundant whites in the eastern and northern states are 
Pontia protodice , P. napi, and P. rapce , the larvae of all three species being 
voracious cabbage-eaters. P. rapce , the European cabbage-butterfly, is a 
European butterfly which got to Quebec about i860 and since then has 
spread over the whole country and is the most serious pest among all the 
butterflies; it expands from if inches (male) to nearly 2 inches (female), 
has faintly yellowish-white wings with the base and apex of fore wings 
blackish and with two circular black dots on fore wings of the female and 
one in the male; there is a single black spot (in male very faint) on front 
margin of hind wings; under sides of hind wings and tip of fore wings lemon- 
yellow. P. protodice , the southern cabbage-butterfly, or checkered-white, 
has at least three black spots besides a blackish apical border on the fore¬ 
wings of the male, while both the wings of the female are much checkered 
with blackish brown; the under side of the hind wings is white in the male. 
P. napi , the northern cabbage-butterfly, or mustard-white, appears in eleven 
or twelve appreciably different patterns, but characterized through all this 
variety by the pale or distinct grayish bordering of the veins; there is but 
little blackish on the wings of the male, at most one or two circular spots 
and a blackish apical border. In the western states the species of Pontia 
which will be found by most collectors are beckeri, distinguished by green 
markings on the under side of the hind wings; occidentalism much like pro- 
todice, and sisymbri, a small species with the veins of the hind wings widely 
bordered with blackish brown on the under side. A beautiful Pierid is 
the pine-white, Neophasia menapia, of the Pacific states and Colorado; in 
both male and female the black color above is limited to the fore wings; 
there is a border along the costal margin from base to beyond the middle, 
where it bends in along the outer margin of the discal cell as a swollen club¬ 
like blotch; in addition the apex is broadly bordered with black in which 
