The Moths and Butterflies 
455 
and cardui occur also in Europe, and cardui is held to be the most nearly 
cosmopolitan of all butterflies, ranging over nearly the whole earth outside 
the arctic and antarctic regions. Its larvae feed on thistles by preference, 
but on almost any composite if necessary: those of huntera on everlasting 
and other Gnaphalieae; those of atalanta on nettles; while those of caryce 
feed on Lavatera assurgentiflora. All these larvae are spiny. 
Two striking, widely distributed, and abundant butterflies are the mourn¬ 
ing-cloak, Euvanessa antiopa (PL X, Fig. 7), and the peacock-butterfly, 
or buckeye, Junonia coenia (PI. V, Fig. 1). Both are found over nearly 
all of our country, and the mourning-cloak is common in Europe. The 
Fig. 644.—Chrysalid or pupa of the violet-tipped butterfly, Polygonia interrogationis. 
(Photograph from life by author; slightly enlarged.) 
larva of the buckeye is black-gray marked with minute black-edged orange 
dashes and dots transversely arranged, and has long spines all over its body; 
it feeds on Scrophulariaceae, especially Gerardia. The larva of the mourning- 
cloak is velvety black sprinkled with white papillae and with a row of large 
medio-dorsal orange spots, and has spines much longer than the body seg¬ 
ments. A curious butterfly of the Mississippi Valley and Great Plains 
is Anaa andria, the goatweed-butterfly (PL XI, Fig. 5). The larva, 
which is naked, gray-green, and studded with numerous paler points, feeds 
on species of Croton, the goatweeds. The American tortoise-shell, Aglais 
