Color and Pattern and their Uses 613 
the simulator of dead leaves, to go so far as it has in its modification ? Such 
minute points of detail are there as will never be noted by bird or lizard. 
The simple necessity is the effect of a dead leaf; that is all. Kallima 
certainly does that and more. Kallima goes too far, and proves too much. 
And there are other cases like it. Natural selection alone could never carry 
the simulation past the point of full advantage. 
But whatever other factors or agents have played a part in bringing 
about this specialization of color and pattern, exemplified by insects showing 
protective resemblances, warning colors, terrifying manners, and mimicry, 
natural selection has undoubtedly been the chief factor, and the basis of 
Fig. 797.—The death’s-head sphinx-moth. (Photograph by the author.) 
utility the chief foundation, for the development of the specialized condi¬ 
tions. 
If any readers of this brief discussion of color and its ffses among the 
insects care to refer to more detailed accounts of the general subject of color 
and pattern, or to parts of it, they will find the following books and papers 
useful: Poulton’s “ The Colour of Animals”; Beddard’s “ Animal Coloration”; 
Newbigin’s “Color in Nature”; Wallace’s “Darwinism,” Chaps. VIII, IX, 
and X; papers by Mayer on “The Development of the Wing-scales and their 
Pigment in Butterflies and Moths” (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. XXIX, 
No. 5, 1896), on “The Color and Color-patterns of Moths and Butterflies” 
(Bull. Mus. Comp. Zook, Vol. XXX, No. 4, 1897), and on “Effects of Natural 
Selection and Race-tendency upon the Color-patterns of Lepidoptera ” (Bulk 
