OBSERVATION OF COMMON FUNGI. 
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numerous minute yellowish or sometimes blackish pimple-like 
elevations. These are the spermagonia and contain minute 
bodies whose function is not known. Now examine the lower 
surface. Note the minute cup-like bodies, describe their appear¬ 
ance, their arrangement, and note the spores in them which 
scatter on the leaf surface. These are spring or early summer 
spores. The wind carries them to the wheat where they pro¬ 
duce the red rust form again. It has often been observed, also, 
that very soon near the barberries the black rust form quickly 
appears after infection from the cluster cup spores and often in 
great abundance. 
These four forms make the complete life cycle of the wheat 
rust form. Some rust fungi have only three forms in a life cycle, 
some only two, and some only one. 
The cedar rust (Gymnosporangium macropus ). There are a 
number of different cedar rusts. The cedar rusts have three 
forms in their life cycle, the cluster cup, the spermagonium, and 
the teleutospore stage. The latter occurs on the cedar, the two 
former on the leaves and fruit of apple trees. On the cedars the 
disease takes the form of large galls an inch or more in diameter, 
known as “ cedar apples.” Collect some of these in the autumn 
or winter. Note the size and form; observe minute pits at quite 
regular intervals over the surface. Describe carefully the ap¬ 
pearance of these pits. In the spring during May when the 
warm spring rains come observe these “ cedar apples.” Note 
the long tapering gelatinous orange strings which exude from 
the pits. These contain the teleutospores which in Gymnospor- 
angium germinate immediately and form the sporidia. These 
sporidia are then wafted to the apple where they produce the 
cluster cup form. Obtain some of the leaves of apple with the 
cluster cup, compare with that of the cluster cup of the barberry. 
The Smuts. 
These are parasitic fungi common on wheat, oats, barley, corn, 
etc. When the fungus is ripe there are numerous dark spores 
formed in large masses which have a black smutty appearance. 
Discover what parts of the wheat, oat and corn are affected. 
