PLANT FORMATIONS OF THE CATSKILLS. 
277 
(witch-hazel) ; Sambucus canadensis (elder), and Amelanchier 
canadensis (June-berry). As secondary trees grow Acer penn- 
sylvanicum, Hamamelis virginica, Cornus florid a (dogwood) ; 
Prunus serotina (wild black cherry), and P. pennsylvanica (wild 
red cherry). The absence of Liriodendron tulipifera (tulip- 
tree), of many species of Quercus, Hicoria, Ulmus, Magnolia, 
etc., is noteworthy. As the botanist ascends the mountains to an 
elevation of 2,880 feet, the constitution of this forest type be¬ 
comes more uniform by the disappearance of such trees as the 
chestnut, oak, linden, walnut, elm, etc. At the head of Big In¬ 
dian Valley, for example, the forest consists of Betula lutea, Fa- 
gus americana (=F. ferruginea ), Acer saccharum (=A. sac- 
charinum) , and A. rubrum, with a sprinkling of Tsuga canadensis 
and "an occasional Betula lent a, the undergrowth consisting of 
saplings of all these trees, associated with Acer pennsylvanicum, 
Viburnum lantanoides and Taxus canadensis (American yew). 
Here and there at this elevation, one sees the intrusion of Abies 
balsamea (balsam fir), Picea mariana (=P. nigra) (spruce), 
and Sorbus ( Pyrus) americana (mountain ash). 
In addition to the shrubs found near the streams, and men¬ 
tioned above, the phytogeographer finds Kalmia latifolia (laurel) ; 
Rhododendron ( Azalea) nudidorum, Ribes lacustre (goose¬ 
berry) ; Rubus villosus (in sunny places) and R. strigosus (black¬ 
berry). The climbing vines are Ampelopsis ( Parthenocissus) 
quinquefolia (Virginia creeper) ; Clematis virginiana, Celastrus 
scandens (bitter-sweet), and Vitis riparia (= V. vulpina) (wild 
grape). The herbaceous plants, or slightly woody plants of the 
forest floor, that exist in the shade of the broad-leaved forest 
trees, are: Hepatica triloba, H. acutiloba; Uvularia sessilifolia 
(bellwort) ; Solidago caesia (golden-rod) ; Sanguinaria cana¬ 
densis (blood-root) ; Geranium Robertianum, Eupatorium agera- 
toides (white snake-root) ; Viola palmata (violet) ; Monotropa 
uniflora (Indian pipe); Anemone nemorosa; Smilacina (Vag- 
nera) racemosa (false Solomon’s seal) ; Streptopus roseus, S. am- 
plexifolius (twisted-stalk) ; Asarum canadense (wild ginger) ; 
Maianthemum (Unifolium) canadense (ascending to considerable 
altitudes), Corallorhiza odontorhiza (coral-root) ; Polygonatum 
