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THE PLANT WORLD. 
biflorum (Solomon’s Seal) ; Medeola virginica (Indian cucumber 
root) ; Erythronium americanum (yellow adders-tongue) ; Epi- 
phegus virginiana (beech-drops on beech roots) ; Actaea alba 
(white baneberry) ; Caulophyllum thalictroides (pappoose-root) ; 
Dicentra canadensis, D. cue nil aria (Dutchman’s breeches) ; Viola- 
pub esceus, V. canina, Tiarella cordifolia (false mitre-wort) ; 
Mitella diphylla (mitre-wort) ; Aralia nudicaulis, A. hispida, A. 
trifolia, A. quinquefolia, (wild sarsaparilla) ; Aster cordifolius, 
Mitchella repens (partridge-berry) (dry woods) ; Trillium erec- 
tum, T. erythro carp um, Aster acuminatus, Arisaema triphyllum 
(Jack-in-the-pulpit). Associated with these plants are the fol¬ 
lowing ferns and club mosses: Aspidium acute atum, A. inter¬ 
medium, Cystopteris bulbifera, C. fragilis, Adiantum pedatum, 
Polystichum (Nephrodium) acrostichoides, Asplenium tilLv foe- 
mina, A. thelypteroides, Phegopteris polypodioides, P. dryop- 
teris, Dicksonia (Dennstaedtia) pilosiuscula, Lycopodium lucidu- 
lum, L. dendroideum, L. clavatum and L. complanatum * 
The shaded swampy places in this deciduous forest are char¬ 
acterized by the ferns, Osmunda regalis, O. Claytoniana, and O. 
cinnamonea; by the Horsetail, Equisetum sylvaticum; and by the 
herbs, Veratrum viride (hellebore), Thalictrum purpurascens, 
and T. dioicum (meadow-rue), and in the shallow spring outlets, 
Chrysosplenium americanum (golden saxifrage). 
Coniferous Forest Formations. These exist in three types 
determined by the dominant tree of each type. They are the 
hemlock ( Tsuga canadensis) formation, the white pine ( Pinus 
strobus ) formation, and the balsam ( Abies balsamea) formation. 
Hemlock Formation. Formerly the hemlock, Tsuga cana¬ 
densis, grew in considerable abundance in the Catskill mountains. 
It formed pure growths along the steep slopes of mountain 
-streams, or on the northern shaded shoulders of mountain ridges 
descending into the principal valleys. It was much sought, as a 
bark and timber producing tree and much of the best hemlock 
* I am indebted for some of the details presented here to Miss Lily 
Wells of Newport, R. L, who with her brother (now deceased) made 
water color paintings of Catskill plants; to Miss Martha H. Hollinshead, 
Moorestown, N. J., and to Dr. J. M. Macfarlane, University of Penn¬ 
sylvania. 
