INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES 
45 
wagon wheel are specially adapted to the treatment of low plants, 
bnt I very much doubt if any spraying machines of this class upon 
the market are well adapted to the spraying of large orchard trees 
where the wagon must stand still a large proportion of the time 
while the spraying is going on. 
Where large orchards are to be sprayed it is a matter of neces¬ 
sity and economy to use tanks that will hold 200 and 300 gallons, 
and pumps of large capacity. In such orchards gasoline powei 
sprayers are most useful. 
HOW TO SPRAY. 
The first requisite for a good job of spraying is a pump that 
will give plenty of pressure in the hose. Then, if one has a good 
spraying nozzle and a liquid that is free from solid particles of a 
size to clog the sprayer, there will be no difficulty in gettingagood 
spray. Barrels and tanks should always be filled through a strainer 
to avoid loss of time and annoyance through the cloo-oinp- of 
nozzles. ' 8 
A very fine spray is most economical of material and, for 
an even and thorough distribution, is best, and is specially useful 
for the destruction of caterpillars, slugs and other insects that 
devour the foliage of plants. In case of the first spraying for the 
codling moth, however, I am still constrained to recommend as I 
have done for years, that the spray be a medium coarse one. By 
this I do not mean that the spray should be composed largely of 
large drops produced by the breaking up of a solid stream Thrown 
forcibly into the air, and it should not be a fine mist or fog. A 
rather coarse Vermorel, or a good Bordeaux nozzle with a pressure 
of 100 or 125 pounds, will furnish such a spray as I refer to. When 
spraying is being done to destroy leaf-eating insects, care should 
be taken not to spray too long in one place, as this will result in 
the little drops that collect upon the leaves uniting and running 
off, carrying the poison with them. Here again this rule does not 
apply to the first treatment for the codling moth. In that applica¬ 
tion there should be but one end in view, and that to fill every 
blossom or calyx cup with the spray. 
NOZZLES TO USE. 
There are two types of nozzles that are used almost exclu¬ 
sively for the distribution of liquids. Perhaps the most popular 
among these are the Bordeaux and Seneca nozzles which 
throw a flat spray or a solid stream, and the Vermorel noz¬ 
zles which throw a cone shaped spray which may be graded from 
medium coarse to extremely fine depending upon the pressure and 
the tip that is used upon the nozzle. It is a big advantage in noz- 
