THE COTTONY MAPLE SCALE 
11 
but the scale is never able to withstand the onslaught of the chalcid 
parasites. The most important of these is Coccophagus lecanii Fitch 
This minute parasite was reared by Putnam during his study of the 
insect and appeared in Washington,. D. C., in such numbers in 1898 as 
to interrupt the experiments of Dr. Howard. It is very widely dis¬ 
tributed and has been reared from other scales of the Lecanine group. 
The adult is a minute, black four-winged fly, marked with a crescent 
shaped yellow patch in the middle of the body above. Dr. Howard 
states that less than one per cent of the larvae which settled upon the 
leaves under his observation escaped destruction by this parasite. 
The scales were stung during midsummer. They afterward turned 
black and the parasites emerged through holes out of their backs. 
The development of the parasite was very rapid, not occupying more 
than two or three weeks.. Mr. Putnam believed that there were two 
generations, but Dr. Howard thinks that there may be many more. 
Closely allied to this species is C. flavoscutellum which does for the 
southern range of the scale the work accomplished in the north by 
C. lecanis. Its range, however, is not confined to the south for it has 
been reared by the writer from scales taken in Denver. 
The other chalcid parasites appear to be of less importance. 
Cornys fusca Howard is a common parasite on Lecanine scales and 
widely distributed. Aphycus Pulvinaria; Howard was reared by Mr. 
Putnam, and Atropates collUii Howard was bred in both 1889 and 1891 
by Dr. Howard from females of the cottony maple scale from Brooklyn 
and Roslyn, N. Y. Eunotus lividus Ashmead has been reared in March 
and April from old scales, the parasites spinning clusters of stout 
cocoons under the bodies of the old scales. Specimens were reared by 
the writer from egg masses taken in Denver during July. (See Fig. 
4.) In each case, however, there was but one cocoon under each 
scale. Specimens of Cheiloneurus albicornis have been found in our 
breeding cages. 
Fig. 
4. EUNOTUS LIVIOUS, greatly enlarged, with male and female antenna above¬ 
still more enlarged. (Howard Bui. 22. Div. of Entom., U. S. Dept. Agr.) 
' REMEDIES 
The history of the remedies is very brief owing to the fact that 
