THE HOWARD SCALE 
5 
Slight infestation has also been found upon Bailey Sweet, White 
Winter Pippin, Snow and Jeneton. 
Peach trees are practically exempt, probably only becoming slightly 
infested when standing very close to other varieties which are more 
commonly attacked. This is of rare occurrence, peaches and most 
varieties of apples being practically uninjured by the insect—a singu¬ 
lar fact in consideration that the San Jose scale is most destructive 
to peaches and apples. Numerous cases are known of its existence 
upon native plum trees growing in the state. Of the shade trees re¬ 
ported infested, we have the white ash and the maple, the latter 
reported by Professor Cockerell. 
From its appearance only in the two states named it seems prob¬ 
able that it originally lived upon native trees or plants and found 
suitable food upon the fruit trees planted adjacent to them in recent 
years. 
NATURE OF DAMAGE. 
Injuries from this insect are seen in the dwarfing of the trees 
robbed of their sap. crack'ng the bark, killing the tree outright, 
and in an unsightly pitting of the surface of the fruit with discoloration 
about the points of scale attachment. Upon the greener portion of 
the pears, the side shaded during growth, this reddening is more 
noticeable than upon the sun-exposed side. Some of the pits or inden¬ 
tures contain single scales and some bear clusters of several. In the 
case of yellow-skinned plums these reddened blotches about the scale 
are most noticeable and objectionable. With dark colored plums,, 
prunes and pears, the scales appear as many small white specks scat¬ 
tered over the surface (plate I, fig. V). With the pear, deep pits 
are also found in the skin, with Bartletts some of these measure 
nearly one-fourth inch deep and as wide across at the top. (See 
plate I, figs. V. and VI). More often the scales are grouped into 
clusters about the calyx or stem end of the fruit. All fruit so injured 
is excluded from the fancy grades and placed in the cheaper ones if 
not rejected entirely. 
Early descriptions of the insect gave it as a pest principally 
upon the fruit instead of the tree. The tendency to infest the fruit 
is perhaps greater than with other closely related scale insects, but 
the attack is also directed to bark, twigs and leaves. A marked ten¬ 
dency is shown for the insects to crowd outward to the tips of the 
branches where the bark is more easily pierced by them or where more 
succulent and tender tissue such as leaves or fruit is available. 
When the twigs become heavily infested with the scales they may 
almost hide the bark as shown in the prune twig in plate I, fig. IV. 
If allowed to go unchecked upon trees most susceptible to their attack, 
the result will be a complete coating over the bark with an incrustation 
of the bodies of the insects and their scale secretions. Trees allowed to 
remain in this condition might be completely killed, and would bear 
only scale-covered fruit and eaves. The fruit would be quite unmar¬ 
ketable and the leaves, browned and impoverished by their sap sucking 
