CARDUACEAE. 
331 
stem-leaves; pappus not spreading; achenes oblong, glabrous 
or sparingly pubescent. 12. Pyrrocoma. 
Leaves entire or toothed, but teeth not spinulose-tipped. 
Bracts not longitudinally striate. 
Bracts abruptly acuminate; stems leafy up to the sessile heads. 
13. Oonopsis. 
Bracts not abruptly acuminate. 
Appendages of the stigma filiform, much longer than the 
stigmatic portion; low shrubs with whitish bark and foli¬ 
aceous outer bracts. 15. Macronema. 
Appendages of the stigmas ovate or triangular, not longer 
than the stigmatic portion. 
Plants low cespitose evergreen undershrubs with more or 
less evergreen leaves and solitary peduncled heads. 
16. Stenotus. 
Plants with wholly herbaceous stem, if at all woody only 
at the caudex; leaves not evergreen. 
Bracts, at least the outer, foliaceous or with foliaceous 
tips. 
Disk-flowers tubular; plants with a taproot. 
12. Pyrrocoma. 
Disk-flowers more or less widened upwards; plants 
with rootstock or short caudex. 
Heads corymbiform-cymose; rays small and few; 
plants leafy. 17. Oreochrysum. 
Heads solitary; rays numerous; plants dwarf. 
18. Tonestus. 
Bracts of the inflorescence not at all foliaceous or merely 
with green tips. 
Rays not more numerous than the disk-flowers; re¬ 
ceptacle alveolate. 
Inflorescence racemose or paniculate; bracts not in 
vertical rows. 19. Solidago. 
Inflorescence corymbiform; bracts in distinct ver¬ 
tical rows. 20. Petradoria. 
Rays more numerous than the disk-flowers; receptacle 
fimbriolate; heads corymbose. 
21. Euthamia. 
Bracts of the involucres longitudinally striate; heads in con¬ 
gested corymbs. 22. Oligoneuron. 
b. Ray-flowers blue, pink or white. 
1. Pappus a mere crown or of a few scales or awn-like bristles. 
23. Townsendia. 
2. Pappus of numerous capillary bristles. 
a. Rays only slightly if at all exceeding the pappus; all annual. 
Bracts in 2-3 series, the outer foliaceous; stigma-tips acute. 
24. Brachyactis. 
Bracts in 1-2 series, narrow, not foliaceous; stigma-tips obtuse. 
32. Leptilon. 
b. Rays conspicuous, longer than the pappus, usually equalling or ex¬ 
ceeding the width of the disk. 
Stigma-tips lanceolate or oblong to filiform. 
Perennials with a rootstock or caudex. 
Bracts acuminate, as well as the leaves tipped with callous points 
or spines; plants with cespitose caudices and solitary heads 
at the ends of the stems or branches. 
25. Xylorrhiza. 
Bracts not acuminate, or if long-attenuate, with soft tips. 
Pappus dilated at the apex; bracts narrow, more or less keeled. 
26. Unamia. 
Pappus not dilated at the apex. 
