THE COTTAGE GARDENER, 
August 19. 
326 
the bees of the swarm up into the old stock will do; then he may put the 
old stock, which he says is “ very heavy,” about half-way between the 
two stands. We should be glad to know the result. Query ? Has any 
body seen any bees at work upon the honey dew this year ?—A Country 
Curate.” 
Cheap Pine-culture {Essex Farmer). —You will see an article by 
Mr. Errington which helps to meet your case. Pines are grown from 
suckers, crowns, &c., and only from seed by the curious. Gardeners’ 
wages—good ones—vary from .£'60 to £100 per annum. You would do 
well to buy “Hamilton on the Pine-apple;” his system possesses a 
greater degree of simplicity than any other. You will find further 
accounts of pine-culture before long. 
Gapes in Poultry.— M. R. writes as follows:—“As the rearing of 
poultry is now so much thought of, it is of some consequence that the 
j cause of the increasing complaint among young chicken, commonly called 
‘ the gapes,’ of which so many broods die, should be ascertained. I have 
taken great delight in rearing poultry ; but for the last ten years I have 
lost the greatest part of my broods from this complaint. On examining 
the dead chicken I find the wind-pipe filled with worms. The only 
remedy I have discovered is tobacco-smoke; but this is very troublesome, 
for it requires to be* used sometimes twice in the day, and to be used 
nearly every day for two or three weeks. I am now convinced that these 
worms are in the water ; for a few days ago, one of my chicken fell into 
a well, and on being taken out (dead, of course,) I observed several of 
the same sort of worm adhering to the feathers. I would, therefore, 
suggest to some of your readers who are fond of their poultry, and where 
this disease is prevalent, whether boiling the water that is given to the 
very young chicken would be a preventive. I would try the experi¬ 
ment myself, but am now a great invalid, and I could not depend on 
servants taking the trouble.” Mr. Yarrell being applied to on the sub¬ 
ject, replies :—“The intestinal worms called Filaria, from their thread¬ 
like form, I have never seen in the wind-pipe of any bird. The worms 
which occasionally infest the trachea, and are so destructive in chickens 
and young pheasants, producing the disease called the ‘gapes,’ are 
flattened, fluke or flounder-like, and are called Fasciola. But what, in 
the present instance, may be more to the purpose, is to state that the 
best mode of curing the gapes in chickens and young pheasants, is to be 
found in the Supplement to * Montagu’s Ornithological Dictionary,’ 
under the article ‘ Pheasant ,’ part of which I have used in the ‘ British 
Birds,’ under the same head. The Fasciola , lodging in the trachea, 
adheres by a kind of sucker to its internal membrane, and causes death 
by suffocation from the inflamed state of the part. The receipt alluded 
to by Mr. Yarrell is fumigation by tabacco, ‘ found to be an infallible 
specific when administered with due care.’ The young birds are put into 
a wooden box, into which the fumes of tobacco are blown by means of a 
common tobacco-pipe. Any state short of suffocation by the remedy, is 
found to be a cure for the complaint.”—J. O. W.—We do not think, as 
suggested by M. R., that the worms in the windpipe of the fowl are taken 
into its beak with the water, any more than that the Ascarides, so irri¬ 
tating to children, are swallowed with the uncooked fruit they eat. Bad 
water and raw fruit cause an unhealthy state of the body ; and wherever 
there is want of health or vigour in the animal frame there parasitical 
vermin are most likely to occur. Mr. Yarrell states that the worm 
causing the gapes is Fasciola ; another authority states that it is Syttga - 
inus trachealis , or Distoma lineare; and we are much mistaken if we 
have not observed in the windpipe of the fowl so diseased the Strongylus 
papillosus. May there not be different species, any one of w'hich would 
cause the irritation in the windpipe which causes the symptoms ? At 
all events, we are sure that tobacco-smokc is the only known effectual 
remedy, and that high feeding is the best preventive. 
Poultry and Poultry Showing. — Semper Vigilans says, “The 
question daily becomes more difficult how to say correctly which are true 
Cochin Chinas, or Spanish, or Dorking; whether combs are single or double, 
and such like. Now, to put the whole question upon its proper footing 
requires the establishment of rules for all descriptions of fowl or animals 
shown, and that these be printed and sold to any one upon application, 
declaring such to be the judges’ criterion they are bound to follow. In 
order more correctly to come to some general opinion upon these points, 
let every one give their views of what constitutes perfection in every class 
of fowl they chance to know, marking out the most leading points in 
in rank; for instance, 1, size ; 2, form; 3, colour; 4, comb (^single or 
double) ; and so on. Is it not possible, by addressing societies now in 
existence, your subscribers, and the public in general, for their views, 
some plan might not be found of selecting from the greatest number who 
nearest agree, w'hat might be adopted by all societies, and so enable exhi¬ 
bitors, amateurs, and the public, to know upon what grounds they pro¬ 
ceed? At present we are quite in the dark.” We think it not only pos¬ 
sible to attain such fixed rules, but what we have done, and are now 
doing, will attain them. Our pages are open to statements from any one 
of what they consider the most desirable and most important character¬ 
istics of any variety of poultry. 
Spanish versus Cochins {A Novice ).—Wc quite agree with you that 
the statements made by Gallus are not conclusive that the Spanish is a 
more profitable variety than the Cochin China ; nor will the question be 
set at rest, until, in two adjoining yards, under precisely the same ad¬ 
vantages of warmth, feeding, &c., an equal number of equal aged birds 
have been tried against each other, and a regular debtor and creditor 
account kept. At the same time, Gallus is no small authority. We 
know he has some of the best Cochins in England, and his Spanish fowls 
have carried off many prizes. 
Lycopodiums and Ferns {Lycopodium).— You will see what you 
require in Mr. Appleby’s communication to-day. The following is an 
alphabetical list of the genera of Ferns. Some of them are omitted in 
The Cottage Gurdeners ’ Dictionary because not meriting cultivation: — 
Acrostichum ; Allosorus ; Asplenium ; Allantodia; Antrophyum ; Adian- 
tum ; Alsophila ; Aspidium ; Aneimia ; Blechnum ; Balantium ; Botry- 
chium ; Ceterach ; Caenopteris ; Cheilanthes ; Cibotium ; Cyathea ; 
Doodia; Diplazium; Davallia; Dicksonia; Ellobocarpus; Gymno- 
gramma; Gleichenia ; Hemionitis ; Hymenophyllum; Lomaria; Lon- 
chitis; Lindsaea; Lygodium ; Meniscium ; Nothocltena; Niphobolus; 
Onoclea; Osmunda; Ophioglossum; Polybotrya; Polypodium; 
Parkeria; Pteris ; Pleopeltis ; Struthiopteris; Scolopendrum ; Schiziea; 
Tsenitis ; Trichomanes ; Todea ; Vittaria ; Woodwardia ; Woodsia ; 
Xiphopteris. To these might be added Damea and Marattia, for they 
closely resemble the Ferns, and require similar treatment. 
Sowing Roses {A. A. A.). —You will have seen what you require in 
our last number. 
Melon Pit (W. B.). —Hartley’s rough plate-glass will answer well 
for this. 
Homeopathy (A Constant Reader). —We cannot insert testimonies 
either in favour or discredit of this system. 
Seedling Lent Figs (T. M. IF.).—These may remain in the seed- 
pot until spring, when they may be potted off into single pots, but should 
they appear to be pinched up for room in the pot you have them in, place 
them in a larger pot at once, and let them remain out-of-doors until 
frost sets in, from which they should have protection in a greenhouse or 
frame. More about your Ornithogalum shortly. 
Cape Jasmine (F. M .). — You will find full directions for this under 
Gardenia, in late numbers. Keep your plant growing freely after 
flowering ; let it have more air to harden the buds before the end of 
Autumn ; keep it cooler and drier during winter, and then start it into 
growth and bloom in extra heat in spring. Nothing suits it so well then 
as being plunged in sweet fermenting material. You have erred in 
keeping your plant dry at this season, unless you wished to bloom it in 
autumn or early winter. Average temperature; spring, starting it into 
bloom, 55° to 65° ; in bloom, 45° to 60°; growing in summer, 60° to 75° ; 
resting in autumn, 50° to 60°; winter and dry, 40° to 48°. Water most 
freely in the highest temperature. 
Rhododendron Leaves in a Pit {P. S. H.).— These turning brown 
at the edges is no more than the old leaves frequently do, on the same 
principle that the leaves of the oak fall in autumn. If the young leaves 
do so from the fresh growth after flowering, there must be something 
wrong at the roots. A deficiency of water, or the branches have 
been exposed to too much heat and light. Sec an article by Mr. Fish 
to-day. 
Bees (A Recent Subscriber). —You may buy them now, taking care to 
select one that was a swarm of this year, and not less than twenty 
pounds in weight. Or you may wait until next spring, have the hive 
you prefer ready, and get a first swarm hived into it. As your object is 
to instruct your neighbours in the depriving system, buy Payne’s Bee¬ 
keeper’s Guide, and “ A Country Curate's” English Bee-keeper. The 
fisrt is published by Messrs. Groombridge, and the second by Messrs. 
Rivington. In the country, ten shillings is the price of a hive of 
bees. 
Morning Side Practical Gardeners’ Society. —We are sorry 
that we cannot insert the report of the meeting. We have to provide for 
readers generally, and they would not be amused or instructed by a list 
of local prize-winners. 
Names of Plants (J. Kirkite). —Your plant from Black Gang Chine 
is Epilobiumparvifiorum. {H.).—Y ours is Arenaria peploides. {J. S. 
B.). —No. 1. Solatium dulcamara. No. 2. Bryonia dioica. The leaves 
of the first are hastate ; of the second palmate. The leaves of the vine, 
and ail other leaves that have a footstalk are petiolate. 
Weather at Tiietford (Norfolk) in 1851.— 
February... 
March. 
April ..... 
May . 
June . 
July . 
August ... 
September . 
October 
Barometer 
Thermometer 
Rain 
Prevailing 
Winds 
.... 43 . 
.. 1.66 
. S. W. 
. s. w. 
. 30.02$ . 
.. 2.83 
. s. vv. 
. 30.02.J . 
_ 51 . 
.. 1.96 
. N. W. 
_ 56.50 _ 
.. 0.85 
. N. W. 
_ 66.50 _ 
.. 1.17 
. s. w. 
. 29.984 . 
.. 3.15 
. s. w. 
.... 65. .. .. 
. s. w. 
. 30.23J . 
- 56.50 .... 
. N. 
. 30. 
.... 53 . 
.. 2.08 
. 8 . W. 
. 30.10 . 
- 38.50 _ 
.. 1.45 
. N. W. 
. 30.25 .. 
_ 44 . 
.. 0.60 
. S. W 
Sollya heterophylla {Turquoise). —This is the name of your 
plant; that is, the various-leaved Sollya. If you put six or eight cut¬ 
tings round the side of a six-inch pot, in the spring, when the hotbeds 
are at work, you cannot fail to root them. Use for soil peat and loam, 
half-and-half, with a little sand. It must look very pretty on your wall 
(at Devonport) without any protection. 
Various {Rev. R. M. E.). —The purple flower is the Lythrum alatum , 
a greenhouse perennial, which may be kept in a frame with a little 
attention. We do not know what the Gladiolus is if it is not G.Jiori- 
bundus; but that it is we have not much doubt. Gazania ringens will 
require protection as well as the Lythrum alatum . 
Piilox decussata {HI. J. D.).— This is one of the tall-growing, 
dark-flowered varieties ; rising from three to four feet high ; but the 
height of hardy plants entirely depends upon the soil and situation 
where the plant may be growing. Decussata is so called from its four- 
ranked manner of growth ; the leaves point out from the stem ; but this 
may be said of all the Phloxes, but in particular of all the tall varieties. 
The name of your plant is Munuleu pedunculata. 
London; Printed by Harry Wooldridge, Winchester High-street, 
in the Parish of Saint Mary Kalendar; and Published by William 
Somerville Orr, at the Office, No. 2, Amen Corner, in the Pariah of 
Christ Church, City of London.—August 19 th, 1852. 
