October 6. 
THE COTTAGE GARDENER. 
15 
and smelling very disagreeable; it is pretty generally dis¬ 
tributed, and found in summer. 
10. P. variegata.—B rownish-purple; rigid, but becoming 
of a hair like fineness upwards. “ On mud-covered rocks ; 
very local; also on Zoster a. Hitherto only found in Britain, 
in the neighbourhood of Plymouth, but there abundant. A 
distinct and beautiful species, and widely dispersed; abun¬ 
dant on the shores of France and Spain, &c.”— Harvey. 
17. P. obscura.—I n small tufts, matted together, spreading 
over rocks in large patches ; colour dark red or brown. 
18. P. simui.ans.—F ound on rocks; rare, and of a red 
colour. Orkney, Jersey, and Torquay. 
19. P. nigrescens.—C ommon on rocks; the fronds are 
from six to eight inches high ; stems rigid; upper branches 
rather soft and much divided ; of a dull brown, and changing 
to a darker shade when dry. 
20. P. affinis.—F our to eight inches high, on rocks ; 
found at Cashendall by Mr. Moore. 
21. P. subui.iff.ra.—“I n deep water, very local; four or 
five inches long; substance tender and fiaceid; Torquay, 
Mrs. Griffiths, Weymouth. 
22. P. atro-rubescens. —Branched; rather rigid, and of a 
red-brown colour; from two to six inches high ; stems thickly 
i tufted, and not adhering well to paper. 
23. P. furcellata.—F loating in the sea at Sidmouth ; 
Mrs. Griffiths and Miss Cutler; filaments slender, five or 
six inches long ; much entangled and excessively branched ; 
colour, when recent, a bright brick-red. A most distinct and 
beautiful species.”— Harvey. 
24. P. fastigiata. — “ Tufted ; very much branched, 
branches dichotomous, fastigiate, the ultimate ones very short; 
articulations shorter than their diameter, with a dark spot 
in the centre ; capsules sub-terminal, ovate, sessile."— 
Greville. 
This very common, but very pretty little plant, is para¬ 
sitical on more than one kind of Fucus. It makes very 
pretty specimens for the herbarium, and when not too old 
adheres well to paper. It grows in such thick, round, 
bushy tufts, that it can scarcely be mistaken for any other 
weed. 
25. P. parasitica. — A very beautiful, delicate-looking 
plant, growing on the larger Algre. Nowhere very plentiful, 
but found in many places. I have specimens from Arran. 
It is from half-an-inch to an inch-and-a-half high; of a 
rose-red colour when recent, but becoming brown in drying. 
A lovely little thing. 
20. P. byssoides.—“ On rocks, and in the sea ; abundant 
on the eastward and southern shores of England; rare in 
Scotland." The finest specimens I have ever seen are from 
Miss Heslop, found near Douglas, Tsle of Man. The fronds 
are from four to twelve, inches long; stem undivided; the 
lower brauehes the longest, gradually diminishing upwards; 
the lesser divisions more or less densely clothed with 
slender, single-tubed, once or twice forked, spreading 
byssoid fibres, orramuli, which give the frond a beautifully 
feathery appearance. Colour a fine clear rod, which 
quickly becomes brown on exposure to the air, or in drying.” 
— Harvey. S. B. 
(To be continued.) 
BEE-KEEPING FOR COTTAGERS. 
( Continued from Vol. x. paye 500.) 
First Swarms .—Swarming generally takes place in the 
latter end of May, or the beginning of June. About this 
time, a great number of working bees and drones have been 
hatched, whilst several young queens are ready to leave 
their cells. The hive is too small for its numbers—its 
inside heat is very great; and, to remedy this, the old 
queen, at the head of a number of her subjects, leaves the 
hive for some other home, which has already been pitched 
upon. Before starting for their new home, she, in most 
cases, settles on some tree or bush near the old hive, in 
order that the bees may join her; and here she will stay for 
some minutes, frequently for some hours: then must the 
bee-master be ready with a clean, dry hive (for washing the 
inside with sugared beer, or rubbing it with pounded leaves, 
is worse than useless), into which he must shake or sweep 
the swarm, according as it may have settled. As there can 
be but one way of hiving swarms, it will always be best for 
beginners to get some experienced neighbour to assist them 
in this work. Whilst the bees are swarming, let there be 
no rattling of pots and pans; but let them be watched 
patiently and quietly. All noise will be more likely to alarm 
and drive away the bees than make them settle. As soon 
as they are quietly in the hive, let the hive be set up; that 
is, placed on the stand that has been prepared for it. Be 
careful not to fix any sticks inside the hive, as they are 
greatly in the way in harvesting the honey: the bees will fix 
the combs firmly enough without artificial aid. There is 
not much to fear from bees at swarming-time, they being 
less apt to sting than at any other time. It is difficult to 
know when a first swarm is about to come off: on all fine 
calm days, from the first week in May to the end of June, 
the hives should, therefore, be watched from ten to four 
o’clock. 
Second Swarms or Casts .—About nine or ten days affep 
a first swarm has gone off, a second sw'arm or cast generally 
] follows. By this time, a great quantity of the brood left in 
the combs by the old queen has been hatched. The young 
queens are allowed to leave their cells. Their first feeling 
is to seek the open air. Their subjects follow them; they 
alight and cluster, and are hived, as in the case of a first 
swarm; but, instead of being set up, should tunless it 
happens to be a very early—say not later than the begin¬ 
ning of June—large cast, when it may be treated as a first 
swarm) be left near the place where they alight, till night, 
I and then be returned to the old hive, in the manner to be 
described by-and-by. Two or three young queens often go 
off with second and third swarms, but all but one will be 
killed by the next morning. 
Third Swarms or Colts sometimes leave the hive at a later 
time; but these should be returned to the old hive at once, 
as from smallness of numbers, and lateness of season, they 
have no chance of doing any good. The time at which 
i second and third swarms will leave the hive may be learnt 
by listening at the entrance of the hive at night; if a shrill 
piping sound be then heard (the sound cannot be mistaken, 
and is only uttered by the young queens at this period) the 
swarms may certainly be looked for the next day. 
Prevention of Swarming .—Swarming may generally be 
prevented by giving greater space to the bees, as their 
numbers increase. This space may be given by placing, 
from time to time, small hives on the top of the stock-hive, 
when the bees, finding they have enough room for carrying 
on their labours, waste no time in thinking about swarming. 
This way of managing is good for many reasons. The bees, 
where swarming is allowed, often hang idly about the hive 
for many days, waiting for the queen’s departure. These 
days of idleness are saved by giving more room. The honey, 
again, that is stored up in small top hives is purer than that 
in the stock-hive. If the latter be of a proper size, there 
will be no reason for the queen to rise and lay eggs in the 
I top hive, neither will pollen be stored away there by the bees. 
I The honey stored in top hives also can be taken much more 
easily than from the old hives, and some part of the store 
will be ready to take quite early in the season—a great con¬ 
sideration where profit is the chief reason for bee-keeping. 
Honey, again, in small top hives, is not only more easily 
carried to market than when cut up and laid upon dishes, or 
run into pots, but will also fetch a far better price. A strong 
hive, worked properly on this plan, will yield more profit 
than it and its swarm would do on the old plan. When more 
hives are wanted, either to replace old hives or to increase 
the Apiary (as a Bee-garden is called), then swarming must, 
of course, be allowed to take place. Should hives sw'arm in 
spite of all efforts to prevent it, the swarms must be treated 
in the manner already explained. R. 
(To be continued.) 
TO CORRESPONDENTS. 
Rhododendrons (/.. K. L.). — Queen Victoria, a bright purple, 5a., 
is one of the best of that tint; the next best, anil blush purple, is Cataw- 
hiense robustum, 2s. tkl. Nimlicntn is a gooil white, anil cheap, 2s. 6d.; 
and Perspieuum is much about the same, at the same price; and Rosewn 
eleguns, 2s. Gd., the one so commonly seen as standards; are all as good 
as can be had for the money ; but newer and much better kinds of all 
the shades are on sale, from 7s. Gd. to 31s. Gd. each. 
Gladiolus {Margaret).—Brenchleyensis and splcndens are two kinds 
you may safely add to your list of Gladioli. The London trade has Bex 
