240 
THE COTTAGE GARDENER AND COUNTRY GENTLEMAN’S COMPANION.— July 1, 1800. 
now be layered into small pots, and shifted into larger as 
they require it; also, cuttings now put in will produce dwarf 
flowering plants in the autumn. 
Carnations and Picolces should he layered as soon as the 
shoots are long enough. As they require to he propagated 
every year to produce good, strong, blooming plants, the 
method, although simple, may he useful to some. Nothing 
more is required than a harrowful of fine, loamy soil and 
sand, mixed together, and some small, hooked pegs, about 
six inches long, the lower leaves of the longest shoots to he 
trimmed off, leaving a few of the top leaves with an inch of 
the extreme points cut off; cut below a joint on the under 
side, inclining upwards, and more than half-way through it; 
then bend the shoot down to the soil, and secure it there 
with the. hooked peg, covering it with an inch more of soil, 
to he made tolerably firm about it, when watering renders 
the operation complete. When the weather is dry, every 
opportunity should be taken to fertilise the various flowers 
from which seed is desired. 
Bud Roses, and strike the China varieties from cuttings 
under a hand-glass. The Double Scarlet. Lychnis, Double 
Sweet Williams, and other such-like plants, can now he pro¬ 
pagated by cuttings in a shady border. 
Seed of the Intermediate Stock to be sown about the 
middle of the month on a shady border, and slightly covered 
with soil; being rich iu colour and deliciously fragrant, it is 
an invaluable acquisition to the flower-garden in spring and 
summer. In three weeks or a month after sowing they will 
be fit to be potted off, one in a 00-sized pot, in strong, loamy 
soil, protected in cold frames during the winter, with plenty 
of air at all favourable opportunities, to be shifted into 48- 
sized pots in March, returned to the frame until the latter 
! part of April, or beginning of May, when they are planted 
j in beds or borders, where they grow and flower to perfection. 
They require but very little protection in ordinary winters, 
I as some transplanted last autumn on the north side of a 
i wall (where they were left during the winter without any 
j protection) are now, Midsummer-day, in full bloom. 
Herbaceous plants, of good sorts, can now be easily pro- 
! pagated by cuttings; they will strike freely in the open 
ground, or under a hand-glass, on the north side of a hedge 
or wall. 
As high winds sometimes occur at this season of the year, 
it is advisable to have the Dahlias, Hollyhocks, Phloxes, Sweet 
| Peas, and all other plants that require support, well staked, 
j If a stiff breeze sweeps over the ground, it will then be too 
j late to tie up the broken, twisted, or sprawling branches, 
with any hope of a beautiful or satisfactory autumnal dis¬ 
play of flowers. 
The thinning and pegging down of plants, the mowing of 
grass-plots, and the edging of flower beds and borders, and 
I many other such matters will now require particular attention. 
| A good breadth of White Turnips (the Dutch or Stone), 
I should now be sown, and the Swedes hand-lioed and thinned. 
Mangold Wurtzel must be singled out so that they may 
stand seven or eight inches apart, selecting the best, and 
transplanting the thinnings to fill up blanks or any other 
vacant places amongst growing crops; at the final thinnings 
to stand from fourteen to sixteen inches apart in the rows. 
Now is the season to collect weeds and all other refuse 
for the manure heap, which, by perseverance in collecting, 
will accumulate to a large size in the course of the summer 
and autumn, and form a rich compost for spring use.— 
William Keane. 
THE ADVANTAGES OF SHADE IN A HOT 
SUMMER. 
Although there are few things which differ more than 
shade and shelter, yet we sometimes see them confounded 
together. Useful as they both are in their respective places, 
there are many ways in which they act a detrimental part in 
horticulture. But few of our useful fruits and vegetables 
like shade, and even those which will live and prosper under 
it rarely do so well as when fully exposed; while the great 
mass of fruits and vegetables are very much injured by the 
ordinary way in which it is often applied. The drip of 
trees, independent of the shade of those trees, has a bad 
effect on many things growing under them, and the roots 
suck up the moisture from all adjacent ground, and leave 
but little that is good for the surface crop to live upon. 
Nevertheless, Nature has destined certain plants to enjoy 
this subordinate position, and they thrive and do well in it; 
but they are not the plants which form the necessary ad¬ 
juncts to the dinner-table. 
Taking the matter in a practical point of view, high and 
wide-spreading trees are decidedly injurious to a kitchen- 
garden, and ought to be avoided ; while outside the garden, 
especially on the east, north, and west sides, such trees are 
often of great service; but they ought not to be too near, as 
all the purposes of shelter are served by their being at some 
distance, and the well-being of adjoining crops ought not to 
be interfered with ; and it is well known that trees or hedges 
are better shelters than walls or buildings. These, how¬ 
ever, have their use. We mean “ shade,” because a high 
wall, casting its shadow some distance from it, breaks the 
direct rays of the sun from overheating or withdrawing too 
much moisture from the parched earth in dry seasons, when 
there is none to spare, and on that account a border at the 
north side of a high wall is of great service in dry seasons 
and dry situations, when many of the ordinary vegetables 1 
raised from seed are difficult to vegetate in fully-exposed i 
sunshine, and also to grow and perfect some which have 
but a short existence, as Lettuces, Cauliflowers, and, in some 
cases, Kidney Beans ; but, generally, the latter will endure 
a greater amount of sunshine than most things. 
There are many purposes to which a north border may be 
put with every advantage, not the least being for the pro- j 
Auction of a late crop of Strawberries, by having a bed or 
two of some of the latest kinds planted upon it. In fact, 
anything that is wanted later than the usual crops from the 
plants to which it belongs may be grown here. 
A north border will not, in all cases, contain everything 
that is wanted that way, consequently it must be economised 
so as to be appropriated to the most useful things only. 
For instance, let us suppose a wall or range of buildings 
extending along the south side of the kitchen - garden 
ground of twelve or more feet high; on this wall late fruits 
may be trained, as Morelia Cherries, Red and White Cur¬ 
rants, and a good late Plum, if the taste of the proprietor 
approves of it. These trees being attended to in the 
proper way, I would not advise anything being planted 
nearer than three feet from the wall, and if the trees be 
good and in a healthy, bearing state, do not, by any means, 
crop nearer than five feet from the collar of each; but, be¬ 
yond that, have a bed or two of late Strawberries, and some 
ground in tillage on which to sow Lettuces and Radishes for 
use during the summer. Begin about May to sow in such 
a place, or sooner or later, as the season and other circum¬ 
stances seem to determine; and seed-beds of Cauliflower, 
Cape Brocoli, and other things, may, with advantage, be 
here, especially in such gardens as consist of that dry, sandy, 
or gravelly soil which requires water every day, or there¬ 
abouts, in hot seasons. On some occasions I have also seen 
I’eyetable Marrow, early Celery, Kidney Beans, Peas , and 
other crops, all, or in part, occupying such a place; but, in 
a general way, the space is too limited for all to he accom¬ 
modated here, and then the most useful, or those which 
will not grow elsewhere, ought to be selected. 
These remarks are penned in consequence of having 
noticed many small occupiers cropping their north borders 
with Sweet Herbs, Black Currants, and other permanent 
crops, in places where it was common to see Cabbages turn 
blue and Peas mildew early iu summer from the drought, 
and where there was incessant labour in preparing the 
various products of the seed-beds for planting out. To all 
such I would say, “Economise your north border;’’ for, 
depend upon it, that will become the most useful portion of * 
your garden; and do not allow this or any other portion of 
the ground to be occupied by any other crop than that most 
appropriate to it. Let a due discretion be exercised in 
devoting each individual portion to the crops most suitable 
for it, and there cannot be any more proper for the shady 
border of the kitchen-garden than those detailed above.— 
J. Bouson. 
