THE COTTAGE GARDENER AND COUNTRY GENTLEMAN’S COMPANION.— July 2D, 1H5G 
and about the garden in them, which for the pleasant, sights | 
and refreshing of the dull spirits, with the shurpning of 
memorie, many shadowed over with vawting or archhearbs, i 
having windowes properly made towards the garden, whereby i 
they might the more fully view, and have delight of the | 
whole beautie of the garden. Rut the strait walks, the 
wealthie made like galleries, being all open towards the 
garden, and covered with the Vine spreading al over, or i 
some other trees which more pleased them. Thus briefly I 
have I touched the benefits of walks and allies in anie | 
garden-ground : which the gardener of his own experience j 
may artly tread out by a line, and sift over with sand, if the , 
owner will, for the causes afore uttered.” 
AVe will conclude, for the present, with some explanations 
of the terms used by these quaint and earnest old gardeners. • 
, A Garden Knot was neither more nor less than our modem 
Geometric Garden. In Lawson’s “The Country House- 
! wife’s Garden,” published in 1033, are several plans, which 
he calls “ ehoise new formes ; and note this generally, that 
all are square, and al are bordered about with Privit, 
Raisins (Currants), Feaberries (Gooseberries), Roses, 
Thorne, Rosemarie, Bee-flowers, Isop, Sage, or such like.” 
These “ ehoise new formes ” arc appropriately called “ Cink- 
foyle,” “ Flowerdeluce," “ Trefoyle,” “ The Fret,” “ Lozen- 
gers,” “ Crosse-bowe,” “ Diamond,” and “ Oval.” 
The term Quit/,set liedije deserves a passing note, for we 
| daresay that few of our readers have stopped to consider 
that quick-set are only other words for live-planted , and were 
used originally to distinguish between a live, growing fence 
and a dead one. Quick and Quickset are now restricted to a 
! hedge of the White Thorn; but formerly, and properly, it 
was applied to any live fence. 
Impes, on a former occasion, we observed, was an early 
name for grafts; but, from the mode in which Googe em- 
j ploys the word, it seems to have been applied to grafted 
; stocks also. 
! AVe should have added a note upon the distinction between 
Alleys and AA'alks, but it seems to be sufficiently pointed out 
in our quotation from “ The Gardener’s Labyrinth.” 
NOTES FROM PARIS. 
The French people are, perhaps more than any other, dis¬ 
tinguished for their amour propre, or strong national feeliug. 
AA’hatever is French is sure to obtain their favourable con¬ 
sideration, under any circumstances ; but if compared with 
what is not French, and found inferior to the other, it is 
i cheerfully placed in the rank which it deserves. Their 
natural and excusable leaning never forms an impediment 
to the award of justice. 
| The French are proud of their army, and of its glorious 
I achievements; of their public libraries, museums, and pic- 
| turn galleries; of their free schools, and their encourage¬ 
ment of the arts. They love to think that they are the most 
; advanced people in the world ; certainly the most amiable; 
i and what is, however, very questionable at the present day, 
that they alone, of all others, understand politeness. But 
though, on these and sundry other points, they are perfectly 
satisfied with themselves and their position in the scale, of 
i nations, they do not wish to conceal the fact that they are 
j far behind certain other countries as breeders of stock. 
Their inferiority in this respect has for some time been 
I subject of complaint and discussion; but the recent Agri- 
! cultural Exhibition, in showing the superiority of English 
breeds and English produce, not only over those of France, 
| but of every other country, has greatly increased the general 
| dissatisfaction which existed with respect to the present 
condition of high farming here. 
Of the numerous articles which have appeared on this 
subject in the French journals, oue contributed to the Siccle 
| by M. Richard (du Cantal) is so good that, instead of trou¬ 
bling you with the details of the Horticultural Exhibition, 
which could have but very little interest for your readers, I 
send you a slight apercu of M. Richard’s observations. 
After paying a well-merited tribute to the Government 
for getting up the Exhibition, and doing so much to promote 
the interest of ugriculture, the writer remarks that the 
Exhibition has given au idea of the immense riches which 
317 
the. French soil can produce when cultivated according to 
the laws of natural science. He reminds his readers that 
it is to the labours of such naturalists, botanists, and gar¬ 
deners as Buffou and Andre Tliouin (both at one time 
directors of the Garden of Plants) that so much success is 
to be ascribed. It is their knowledge of science that has 
advanced the art of the florist, the nurseryman, and the I 
market gardener. The brilliant display of the Horticultural , 
Society has shown to all the progress of French cultivation, 
and demonstrated the importance of scientific study. But | 
Al. Richard does not find much for congratulation as 
respects the turn-out of live stock ;* yet he is not of opinion 
that the material is wanting. For the production of milk, 
and even of butcher’s meat, he cites the Flemish and “ Go- ( 
lentine” breeds as being all that can be wished for; and he 
mentions several other breeds that are especially suitable 
for working the ground. The small cow of Brittany, too, j 
which lives on the waste lands, is one of the best milkers. ; 
The several breeds mentioned, he states, if properly studied ; 
and improved, would answer every purpose, and take the > 
lead of all the races in Europe. AA r e do not see, says ' 
M. Richard, a single nation which could surpass us in this I 
respect if we knew how to develop the resources which our ; 
numerous breeds from the north and south have brought 
before us in the recent Exhibition. But if we arc at the 
head of all the nations of Europe with respect to the sort of 
material, England is incomparably superior to us, as she is , 
to all other countries, by the admirable manner in which she 
has contrived to knead and mould, so to speak, the raw material 
! to her will, according to her requirements, and the objects she 
! has Sought. The English raisers are virifaltles artistes, perse- 
; vering observers, who model the living matter as a sculptor 
models a block of marble. Examine all their cattle raised for 
the meat market, for instance, no matter whether the kind be 
bovine, ovine, or porcine, and you find in every type of breed j 
an analogy of conformation of the different parts of the 
body, which indicates a combination calculated for a de- 
j finite end—that of producing flesh and fat in the best 
possible conditions which can benefit the raiser. Here M. 
I Richard enters into some technical particulars, in order to 1 
( explain himself more clearly. After showing the high per- j 
fection which the Durham breed has attained, and the sur- 
j prising results which have been achieved, he remarks that 
the English have finished by nil tour de force, in modifying 
even its temperament, so as to render it lymphatic, indeed, 
almost scrofulous, in order that the animal might be more 
likely to fatten. 
Al. Richard shows, in the same manner, the several merits 
of the sheep and pigs, and then states that the English 
cattle, comprising eight different breeds, have incontestably : 
held the foremost rank in the Exhibition. But these breeds, 
he continues, are not all improved to the same degree; 
that from Kerry, for instance, is a small Irish breed, 
similar to our own race Bretonnc, and would seem to belong 1 
| to a country having some resemblance to Bretagne in its | 
! pasture lands ; but it is inferior to ours. Our types (Bretons) 
i were superior to the Kerries, and if an international jury , 
| had been named to establish a parallel between the two, we 
! should have certainly beaten the English on this point. 
M. Richard considers the Alderney cows somewhat dis¬ 
tinct, and good milkers, but not better than any of the 
French breeds. But the Ayrsbires, he states, are not only 
i very fine, and very good milkers, but some of them are 
admirably turned as to symmetry, and even considered as 
i for the meat market, many of them were faultless. He i 
I considers this small breed as one of the most valuable in j 
| England. Other writers here have mentioned it in the 
i same terms. 
| The Herefords and the Devons, continues Al. Richard, j 
| are other remarkable examples of the English mode of j 
raising. They are more rustic than the Durhams. They, i 
j however, come very near that leading type in their con- | 
formation, and those qualities required for the market. | 
| Indeed, we have often seen the Devons, and especially , 
j Herefords, somewhat JDurhamised , if we may be allowed the 
1 expression. 
j M. Richard concludes with the Angus breed, which he 
states will some day take the lead of all the others in 
! England. 
It was represented by thirteen males and twenty six fe- 
