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THE COTTAGE GARDENER. 
October 24. | 
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paper preclude tho possibility of indulging in a broader 
glance at tbe subject; so for the present I will pass on 
to routine proceedings. 
At any rate, as a first procedure, all inferior shrubs 
which arepressingou or injuring fine evergreens or choice 
shrubs,must receive a handling. Where they do not press 
too heavy, and a tolerably thick screen is desirable, it will 
sutfice to remove those portions which cause real injury 
by the bill-hook or knife; and in doing this, let not the 
operator proceed as though he were clipping a hedge, 
reducing every thing to mere formality; rather let him 
remove whole branches, so as to leave the shrub in a 
balanced condition as to its volume after that, the 
more irregular the outline, if not absolutely straggling, 
the better. 
It is somewhat unfortunate that the effect of this 
compact mode of dubbing shrubs is not better under¬ 
stood amongst those who are generally employed about 
the limited gardens of suburban residences, where 
every effort should be made to increase the apparent 
extent; and this, in tho matter before us, is best accom¬ 
plished by promoting intricacy of outline, whether in 
the ground or sky line. 
Of course, some shrubs, under the circumstances here 
alluded to, will require either removal or rearrangement. 
This, then, is the next step ; and here I suggest that the \ 
immense importance of permanent evergreens be taken 
fully into consideration, more especially in proportion as ] 
the grounds are limited. In most shrubberies, even 
those of some extent, I think that tho evergreens should 
bo as two to one of deciduous things, but in the limited 
shrubbery of tbe suburban villa, perhaps as three to one. 
I may now suppose that everything improper has been 
removed, and that the improver is about to proceed 
with the removal, first, of a few large evergreens, in 
order to supply the blanks created by the removal of 
tho coarser trees or shrubs, for this should be the first 
proceeding. 
Wo have many devices, in these times, to promote 
successful transplantation, but some of these require 
costly machinery, and a vast amount of labour, and arc, 
in tho main, only within reach of the possessors of vast 
estates; and i do not feel it a duty to shape my advice 
to millionaires, for although much on the increase, they 
are still in a considerable minority. A lew maxims, 
simple, and tolerably inexpensive, arc necessary lo be 
observed by everyone, and they may be stated ns 
follows:— 
Take caro that due preparation is made for tho re¬ 
ception of the subject. 
Choose, if possiblo, a cloudy day, with a humid 
state of air. 
In removal, pay more heed to abundance of well- 
preserved roots, than to obtaining a huge ball of 
earth. 
See that the roots are not dry a moment, from the 
commencement of removal, until the planting is 1 
complete. 
Some more might be added, but these are the chief 
considerations. 
Let me here advise that very roomy holes be made, 
and that they receive a few inches of the rakings of the 
shrubbery in the bottom ; that the ball or fibres be set 
on this, and that when the soil is filled up, barely as 
high as the collar, a thorough soaking of water be given; 
this may settle for a day or two, and then the remaining 
soil be added; thus managed, there is little occasion 
for treading the soil. R. Errington. 
THE CRYSTAL PALACE. 
(Continued from page 10.) 
H ere is a view along the nave of the Crystal Palace, 
taken from the west end, in front of the “ Screen of the 
Kings and Queens of England; ” the Crystal Fountain 
is playing in the foreground, but the trees and climbers, 
as they are seen in this view, are merely ideal, but they 
show what is intended to be the conservatory fashion of 
the inside in a few years. Here a greater problem 
than that of ascertaining how farhot-water will circulate 
in pipes will he solved, namely, how far the successful 
cultivation of stove, half-stove and conservatory climbers 
and large plants and trees, can be carried in an atmo¬ 
sphere sufficiently dry for the rest of the inimitable 
contents of the Palace. 
The “Loudon press” has already carried the question 
of the circulation, or rather the difficulties of getting 
water to run such great lengths, to an absurdity, such 
as the gardening press was loaded with in 1826-7 and 8, 
but practice had settled that question many years before 
a Crystal Palace was thought of. The only question 
about hot-water, which remains to be solved by the ex¬ 
perience of the Crystal Palace, is the quantity of hot- 
water, below the boiling point, which will be sufficient 
to keep the different parts of the Palace up to the 
necessary degree of warmth during our coldest winters, 
and that exact quantity can only be determined by ex¬ 
periment on the spot. No doubt, a good guess has been 
already made of this quantity, under present arrange¬ 
ment, and if it should be found not to be near the mark, 
provision is made for any additional quantity of water 
that may be required, by “an ingenious contrivance,”' 
that will admit of as many extra pipes as will do the 
work with ease. Fifty miles of twelve-inch pipes, or an 
equivalent thereto, are already laid dowu, but should 
ten or twenty miles of additional piping be required, 
the extra force that would thus be thrown on the 
present propelling power is too small to be measured 
by the ordinary rules for calculating forces. The force 
required for propelling all this water in all those pipes, 
as “ force” is understood by the great bulk of mankind, 
would not knock down a child in the street; in other 
words, there is neither force nor propulsion in the cir¬ 
culation of hot-water at all. What is it which propels 
or forces a feather to rise in the air, against the pressure 
of the atmosphere? The answer to that question 
explains the degree of force or no force which circulates 
the water in those pipes. If there is one question in 
gardening which requires explaining more than another 
to the great bulk of amateurs, it is this one on the 
“ power” of boilers to “force” water all round a house 
or pit. 
Amateurs take their notions of “hot-water” from the 
steam boiler, and if you tell them that the two systems 
are as different as the Poles aro asunder, they shake 
their heads incredulously. If you say, in addition, 
that circulation by hot-water is as instantaneous as 
messages along the electric wires, they put you down 
as stark mad; yet it is so in reality, and there is no 
doubt about it. The best way to explain this, however, is 
the following :—Supposo a hot-water boiler in Glasgow 
for heating tho Houses of Parliament, with a How and 
return pipes all the way to and from London ;—fill the 
wholo with water, light your fire, and when the first 
thimbleful of water at the bottom of the boiler is 
hotter than tbe rest, set on the telegraph to London, and 
before tho message reaches the office, your own circle is 
finished in Glasgow. There is not a particle of force 
required in this ; tho instant a spoonful of water is 
heated at the bottom of the boiler, it rises higher in 
the boiler, because hot-water is lighter than cold water, 
and quick as electricity itself; the space left by the 
rising water is filled up with tho cold water next to it; 
from a spoonful to a gallon, and from a gallon to the 
last drop in tho apparatus, tho samo law governs the 
wholo without any force whatever. 
The question, how far it may be possible to cultivate 
certain plants in the Crystal Palace, without saturating 
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