342 THE COTTAGE GARDENER. January 30. 
Class 25 .— Golden-spangled Hamburgh, — Cock and two Hens, 
exceeding one year old.—31/. First prize, Silver Cup, Mr. Joseph Conyers, 
42, Boar Lane, Leeds. 327. Second prize, Mr. William C. Worrall, 
Rice House, Knotty Ash, Liverpool. 
Class 26.— Golden-spangled Hamburgh.— Cock and two Pullets* 
Chicken of 1854.—330. First prize, Mr. William Clare Worrall, Rice 
House, Knotty Ash, Liverpool. 334. Second prize, Mr. Joseph Conyers, 
42, Boar Lane, Leeds. Highly Commended.—332. Mr. Thomas West, 
Eccleston Place, near St. Helens. 340. Mr. William Cannan, Bradford, I 
Yorkshire. Commended. — 337. Mr. W. Ruttlidge, Storth End, near 
Kendal. Hatched 30th March, 1854. 
Class 27.— Silver-pencilled Hamburgh.— Cock and two Hens, i 
exceeding one year old.—353. First prize, Mr. James Dixon, Bradford. 
354. Second prize, Mr. James Dixon, Bradford. 
Class 28.— Silver-pencilled Hamburgh. —Cock and two Pullets, 
Chicken of 1854.—360. First prize, Silver Cup, Mr. Edward Archer, Great 
Malvern. 355. Second prize, Lady Eleanor Hopwood, Knowsley 
Parsonage, near Prescot. Age, ten months. Highly Commended.— 
363. Mr. James Dixon, Bradford. 
Class 29 .— Silver-spangled Hamburgh.— Cock and two Hens, cx- ; 
ceeding one year old.— 369 . First prize, Mr. James Dixon, Bradford. 
37 O. Second prize, Mr. James Dixon, Bradford. 
Class 30 .— Silver-spangled Hamburgh. —Cock and two Pullets, 
Chicken of 1854.— 377 . First prize, Mr. William Cannan, Bradford, 
Yorkshire. 378. Second prize, Mr. James Dixon, Bradford. Highly 
Commended.—372. Josiali B. Ckune, Severn Cottage, Coalbrookdale, 
Shropshire. 
Class 31 .—Poland Fowl (Black, with White Crests).—Cock and two 
Hens.— 379 . First prize, Mr. George C. Adkins, West House, Edghaston, 
near Birmingham. 383. Second prize, Mrs. C. H. Horsfall, Driffield 
Bank, near Derby. Age, about twenty months. 
Class 32.— Poland Fowl (Golden).—Cock and two Hens.—390. 
First prize, Mr. James F. Greenall, Grappenhall Hall, Warrington. 
387. Second prize, Mr. George C. Adkins, West House, Edgbaston, near 
Birmingham. 
Class 33 .—Poland Fowl (Silver).—Cock and two Hens.—391. First 
prize, Silver Cup, Mr. George C. Adkins, West House, Edgbaston, near 
Birmingham. 392. Second prize, Mr. George C. Adkins, West House, 
Edgbaston, near Birmingham. Highly Commended.— 399 . Mr. James 
Dixon, Bradford. 
Class 34.— Bantams (Gold-laced).—Cock and two Hens.—402. First 
rize, Mr. George C. Adkins, West House, Edgbaston, near Birming- 
am. 408. Second prize, Mr. Gilbert W. Moss, Liverpool. 
Class 35.— Bantams (Silver-laced).—Cock and two Hens.—410. First 
prizs, Mr. Gilbert W. Moss, Liverpool. 412. Second prize, Mr. Joseph 
Rake, Bristol. Age, unknown. 
Class 36.— Bantams (White).— Cock and two Hens.—414. First prize, 
Mr. Gilbert W. Moss, Liverpool. 416. Second prize, Mr. George C. 
Adkins, West House, Edgbaston, near Birmingham. Highly Com¬ 
mended.—415. Mr. Gilbert W. Moss, Liverpool. 
Class 37.— Bantams (Black).—Cock and two Hens.—422. First prize, 
Mir. Gilbert W. Moss, Liverpool. 423. Second prize, Mr. Gilbert W. 
Moss, Liverpool. 
Class 38.— Bantams (Any other variety).—Cock and two Hens.—425. 
First prize, Mr. Gilbert W. Moss, Liverpool. 426. Second prize, Mr. 
George C. Adkins, West House, Edgbaston. 
Class 39.— Gebsb. —Gander and two Geese.—429. First prize, Mr. 
William Windham Hornby, Knowsley Cottage, Prescot. Age, hatched 
May 10th, 1854. 432. Second prize, Mrs. Thomas Townley Parker, 
Astley Hall, Chorley, Lancashire. 
Class 40.— Ducks (White Aylesbury).—Drake and two Ducks.—434. 
First prize, Mr. Robert Statter, Liscard. 435. Second prize, Mr. J. 
Jennens, Moseley. 
Class 41.— Ducks (Rouen).—Drake and two Ducks.—453. First prize, 
Mr. David Henderson, Shuttleworth, near Bury, Lancashire. Age, nine 
months. 444. Second prize, Mr. Jonathan Williamson, Whitefield 
House, Walton, Liverpool. Very Highly Commended.—44/. Mr. Theed 
William Pearse, Bromham Road, Bedford. (Good class.) 
Class 42.— Ducks (Any other variety).—Drake and two Ducks.—458. 
First prize, Mr. Henry Worrall, Knotty Ash House, near Liverpool. 
457. Second prize, Mr. H. Worrall, Knotty Ash House, near Liverpool. 
Class 44.— Turkeys. —Turkey Cock and two Hens.—463. First prize, 
Mr. William Windham Hornby, Knowsley Cottage, Prescot. 462. Second 
prize, Mr. Joseph Conyers, Leeds. 
QUERIES AND ANSWERS. 
GARDENING. 
“WAS THE ORANGE KNOWN TO THE ROMANS ?” 
[This question is put to us Ly Hereford in a communi¬ 
cation in which lie enquires about tiro oldest apple of 
England, which we will answer next week. It is somewhat 
singular that immediately after we received that commu¬ 
nication the following appeared in that storehouse of in¬ 
formation, “ Notes and Queries." . We publish it entire, and 
will append our own opinion, so that Hereford may he in 
possession of both. 
“ Gibbon was, in general, so careful a writer, and his know- 
! ledge of antiquity wns so comprehensive, that any deviation 
from accuracy in his great historical work, even on a subor- 
I dinate and incidental point, is worthy of being noted. His 
history has, moreover, been revised by editors of so much 
ability and learning, that those errors which were inseparable 
from so vast an undertaking have been for the most part 
rectified. The following passage, however, stands without 
any observation in the recent excellent edition of the 
Decline and Fall of the Homan Empire, by Dr. Wm. Smith : 
“ ‘ Almost all the flowers, the herbs, and the fruits that 
grow in our European gardens, are of foreign extraction, 
which, in many cases, is betrayed even by their names : the 
apple was a native of Italy; and when the Romans had 
tasted tlie richer flavour of the apricot, the peach, the 
pomegranate, the citron, and the orange, they contented 
themselves with applying to all these new fruits the Common 
denomination of apple, discriminating them from each other 
by the additional epithet of their country.’ ”—Vol. i. c. ii. 
p. 18!).; Dr. Smith’s edition. 
“ Of the exotic fruits enumerated in this passage as known 
to the Romans in the early period of the empire, the Mains 
Armeniaca, or apricot, is mentioned by Columella, a writer 
of the first century, as cultivated in Italy in his time. (De 
Re Rust., v. 10. xi. 2.) The Romans also called this fruit 
prcecocia or prcecoqua, as being an early-ripening peach. 
Speaking of the different Persian, or peaches, Pliny says, 
‘ Maturescunt instate prascocia, intra triginta annos reperta, 
et pi'imo denariis singulis venundata.’ (N. H., xv. 11.) 
“ Martial, in an epigram headed ‘ Persica,’ or ‘ Nuciper- 
sica,’ speaks of the apricot as inferior to the peach, and as 
a stock on which the peach was grafted: 
‘ Vilia maternis fueramus priecoqua ramis : 
Nunc in adoptivis Persica cara sumus.’—xiii. 46. 
“ Palladius, however, who understood gardening better 
than Martial, describes Armenia or priecoqua as a species of 
peach, and as being grafted on the plum (xii. 7). Diosco- 
rides likewise, after speaking of peaches (nepcrnca /lijAa), 
says that the smaller sort, called Armenians, in Latin 
upaiKOKia, are more digestible {De Mat. Med., i. 165; and 
see Sprengel’s note, vol. ii. p. 410). The Greek form of 
prcecocia or prcecoqua occurs as ■KpenoKKia in Galen De Fac. 
alim., ii. 20, and as j3 eplnoKKa in the Geoponics. Compare 
Meursius, Lex Grcec. barb, in fiepiKoiacla and TlpenoKKla. 
From this corrupted form of the Latin prcecocia was formed 
the Italian albercocco, with similar forms in the other 
Romance languages, and the old English apricock. (See 
Diez, Rom. TViirterbuch in Albercocco.) Le Grand d’Aussy 
(Vie Privee des Francois, tom. i. p. 216) states that the 
apricot was not cultivated in France till the sixteenth 
century. 
“ The peach, Malus persica, had been introduced into Italy 
before the time of Columella (v. 10), and its varieties are 
described by Pliny (xv. 11. 13), who states that it passed 
into Italy from Persia through Egypt. According to Le 
Grand d’Aussy, the peach was known to the ancient Gauls, 
and was cultivated in France in the time of Charlemagne 
(ib. p. 218). 
“ The pomegranate, Punicum malum, or granatum, known 
to the Greeks in early times by the name of poia, appears to 
have been cultivated in Italy under the early emperors. 
(See riin., N. II. xiii. 34; Columella, xii. 41.) 
“The citron, Malus Assyria, Medica, or citrea, was not 
cultivated in Italy in the time of Pliny. He states that the 
fruit was only eaten as an antidote against poison, and that 
the plant would not grow out of Media and Persia (xii. 37, 
xv. 14). Virgil describes the citron as a Median tree, and 
speaks of its fruit as a remedy against poisons (Georg, ii. 
126—135. Compare Tlieophrast., Hist. Plant., iv. 4). A 
writer named Oppius is cited by Macrobius, as stating in his 
work on Wild Trees, that the citron did not then grow in 
Italy: ‘Citrea item malus et Persica; altera generator in 
Italia, et Media altera.’ (Saturnal., iii. 111. § 4.) Palladius 
(iii. 6. v. i.), whose time is uncertain, but who is referred to 
the fourth century, gives a minute account of its cultivation 
as being then common in Italy.* 
“Rut the orange, Citrus aurantium Sinensis,was a plant 
wholly unknown to the ancients. It is a Chinese tree, and 
it lay beyond the range of their navigation and commerce. 
* This is a mistake. The Medica of Palladius is the modern Lu¬ 
cerne. — Ed, C. G. 
