420 
THE COTTAGE GARDENER. 
September 11. 
2nd. Citrus limonium (The Common Lemon). A 
native of the milder parts of Asia. 
Of this very useful fruit there are not so many named 
varieties. A German author, Dr. Seckler, says there are 
twenty-eight in Italy; the French acknowledge eleven; 
and the English nurserymen twelve distinct varieties. 
The reason why there are not so many is because the 
continental growers are content, generally, to fruit seed¬ 
lings, instead of budding or grafting named sorts. The 
Lemon is tenderer than the Orange, hence, even in the 
north of Italy, the cultivator finds it necessary to shelter 
his Lemon-trees during the cold season. 
This tree is of a more irregular growth than the 
Orange, and has the stem of the leaf (petiole) winged. 
The leaves are broader and longer, and of a pale green. 
The sorts cultivated in England are the Common, the 
Broad-leaved, the Chinese, the Imperial, the Pear-shaped, 
the Rough-fruited, the Smooth-leaved, Gold and Silver- 
striped, the Tri-coloured Striped, the Upright, and the 
Warted-fruited. 
Use. —Lemons are used in cookery to give a flavour to 
meats, pies, and puddings. The well-known liquor, 
lemonade, is so called because of the juice of this fruit 
entering largely into its manufacture together with 
sugar and water. Its use in making punch and negus 
I need scarcely mention. It is also much used in 
medicine as a cooling thirst-allaying febrifuge. 
3rd. Citrus Ltmetta (The Lime). A native of India. 
We possess still fewer varieties of the Lime than of the 
Lemon. Dr. Seckler enumerates in Italy four, the 
French have two, and the English five, varieties. The 
latter are the common—the Weeping - branched, the 
Broad-leaved, the West India, and the Chinese-spreading. 
The Lime is very seldom seen in our greenhouses, 
because the fruit is not so handsome as that of the 
Orange or Lemon, is much smaller, and more acid. 
Use. —It is used for all the same purposes as the 
Lemon and Citron, and besides them, the juice is sent 
now on board of all ships about to go a long voyage, or 
to be stationed at sea for many mouths or years, as the 
case may be. On board it is used both as a preventive 
and cure of that dreadful malady, forfnerly so fatal to 
the crews of our ships—the scurvy. Its extreme acidity 
and peculiar qualities rendering its juice (lime-juice it is 
called) antagonistic to that distressing malady. Its 
dwarf habit, small leaves, and pretty, roughened fruit, 
render it an ornament to any greenhouse or conser¬ 
vatory, though the fruit is not so useful as either the 
Orange or the Lemon. 
4th. Citrus Medica (The Citron). Native of Media 
in Asia. The varieties of the Citron are more nume¬ 
rous than of the Lemon or the Lime. The tree grows 
in its native plains eight feet high, forming an up¬ 
right tree, with the lower branches drooping. The 
fruit is larger than the Lemon, and has two rinds, or 
skins; the outer thin, and covered with glands, which 
secrete a sweet smelling-oil; the inner rind is thick 
and spongy. The flowers are large, and very fragrant. 
Varieties. —The French say they have more than a 
dozen. Dr. Seckler reckons for Italy twelve. In Eng¬ 
land we have only six varieties, which are the Common, 
the Flat-fi - uited, the Rough-fruited, the Forbidden-fruit, 
the Grape-fruited Barbadoes, the Round-fruited, and 
the Thick-leaved. 
Use. —The same as the Lemon, together with being 
used largely as a preserve and sweetmeat. Kept whole, 
in syrup, it forms a handsome addition to the dessert 
when other fruits are scarce. 
5th. Citrus decuman^: (The Shaddock). Native of 
India. This is the largest-growing tree of the genus, 
and has the largest leaves, flowers, and fruit. In Japan, 
the fruit grows as large as a child’s head. 
The varieties are small in number. There is but 
one in Italy, four in France, and four in England; 
namely, the Common, the Rough fruited, the Largest- 
fruited, and the West Indian. 
Use. —This is the least useful of all the tribe, but the 
juice is sub-acid-sweet, and as the rind is very thick, it. 
is a good fruit, keeping well on long voyages. It is 
very ornamental, both on the tree and on the dessert- 
table. Its leaves are very large and handsome, and of 
the darkest green. It is a very proper plant to cover a 
back wall in a conservatory. It is a native of China ; 
hence it is nearly hardy ; yet it thrives well in the West 
Indies. It was carried there by a Capt. Shaddock, from 
whom it has derived its name. T. Appleby. 
(To be continued.) 
Bee-stands. —Discard the idea, if possible, that it is 
necessary to raise them two or three feet high. Let us 
look at some of the disadvantages. In the course of 
the spring and summer, • there are many damp and 
many chilly days when bees issue and obtain a load of 
honey and return, endeavouring to strike the entrance, 
but being chilled, their flight is uncertain, especially if 
windy; they miss the stand and fall to the earth, 
benumbed beyond the possibility of regaining the hive, 
and by the next morning are dead. (This effect is 
readily perceived during spring months by a little 
observation.) Hundreds are lost from each stock thus 
situated; such loss from a few hives would soon make 
enough for a swarm. Although not readily perceived, 
yet it is downright loss, and five dollars saved by a 
little contrivance here, is as good as by any other means. 
For the stand, select boards some 16 inches wide, cut 
the length of two feet; cut off some pieces of joist, 
three or four inches square, as long as the board is wide, 
and nail each end of the board to one of these pieces; 
this is laid directly on the ground, as many feet from 
the next one as limits will allow. The hive is set on 
one end of the board, the other projecting in front some 
eight or ten inches, giving the bees an alighting board 
very convenient; none can miss it, or, at least, get 
below it; they can creep to the hive often when it is 
impossible to fly. Being close to the earth, the wind 
affects them less. When not protected by fences, 
buildings, or anything else, something for the purpose 
should be put up, and in this case need not be so high 
by three or four feet. 
The only objection that can be urged against this 
plan is, the little trouble necessary to keep down the 
grass and weeds that will grow about the hive ; but if a 
man can earn money by labour of any kind, he will be 
as amply remunerated here by saving an incredible 
number of bees. For a cover, nail together two boards, 
like the roof of a building, some eighteen by twenty- 
four inches square. It possesses this advantage over a 
bee house; being moveable the sun can be allowed to 
strike the hive in spring and moderate weather ; in hot 
weather it can be brought forward, shading the south 
side, &c. 
In giving these economical suggestions, I would say 
that it is not a fanciful theory, but the result of practical 
experience. It is not only the few dollars saved by a 
more economical arrangement, but the thrift of the 
bees is actually beyond those on the other plan. I have 
tried both, and if the closest observation for twenty-five 
years affords any valuable hints, these are entitled to 
some consideration.—M. Quin by, Author of Mysteries 
of Bee-keeping, Palatine Church, Mont. Co., N. Y .— 
American Country Oeutleman. 
