508 
FROM HEADWATERS OF THE MISSOURI TO DALLES OF THE COLUMBIA. 
Last night it rained some hours, but turned off cool and windy towards morning. Camped on 
“ Steep river.” 
February 8.—This morning about two bushels of oats and barley were fed out to the animals, 
which allowed them a little over four quarts each. Some of them chewed off their pack-straps 
with which they were tied in the night, but did not stray, as but few got loose. 
We have passed to-day several old Indian camping places, indicated by the skeletons of their 
lodges still standing. At one of them was a mud-built structure about six feet long and three 
wide, arched over at the top like an oven, and lined inside with pine boughs. At the end was a 
hole sufficiently large for a man to crawl in. It was probably the dormitory of some bachelor 
Indian. 
Though the great mass of the forest growth is pine, there are some hemlock and fir; and on 
the banks of small streams, and near the river, a few cedars, white and yellow birch. Some of 
the cedars were as large as six feet through at the butt, tall and straight-grained. The snow is 
still increasing a little in depth, but does not as yet offer much of an obstruction to travelling. It 
varies to-day from twelve to eighteen inches. The weather is still cloudy, and a little sleet has 
been falling from time to time. Travelled to-day about 14 miles. 
On the evening of the 9th, after having travelled about as far as the day before, we camped 
on a small stream whose banks were fringed with hemlock and cedar. A sufficient quantity of 
them were felled and their boughs fed to the animals. They would pick at them a little, but 
more from force of habit than from any relish. They preferred hemlock to cedar. 
We have given up riding altogether, for travelling is getting bad, and we wish to save the 
animals as much as possible. 
The snow is now from eighteen inches to two feet in depth, with a light crust over it. For 
two days past I have frequently observed tracks of an animal caded in this country the panther, 
or tiger-cat. The tracks in the snow are about as large as a saucer, and the stride of the animal, 
as he trots, is about two feet. 
Last night it rained for several hours, but turned off towards morning to snow, and it was 
stormy all the morning. It is still cloudy, and threatening rain to-night. 
February 10.—My guide, Paul, seems to be totally unacquainted with the trail, now that it is 
well covered with snow. In consequence we have followed the bed of the river all day. Though 
the channel is not frozen over, there is a strip generally along the edge, a few feet wide, which 
answers very well to travel on, provided the animals are closely watched. Notwithstanding every 
care, they will sometimes get in. Just before halting for the night we passed a camp of eleven 
lodges of Pend d’Oreille Indians. The lodges were similar to those passed on the 7th, but the 
inmates were a little cleaner and better clad; but they all appear to be on a short allowance of soap. 
Alter supper they brought some venison into camp, to “ swap” for anything we might feel disposed 
to give them. With some powder and balls, and a few old shirts, I purchased as much as I wished. 
We found a few cotton-wood trees near our camp to-night, and felled them. The poor animals 
ate the browse with great good will. Since 9 o’clock this morning it has been raining lightly, 
and bids fair to continue some time. 
February 11.—We continue to pick our way along the river. When a few miles from camp, 
an old Indian camping-ground was passed, which, from appearance, had not been deserted long. 
In its midst was a scaffolding, erected by making four poles fast in the ground in an upright 
position, at the corners of a rectangle, and lashing cross-poles to them about eight feet from the 
ground. These latter supported a platform, upon which, in a rude enclosure, was the body of a 
deceased Indian. 
There was another structure near by, built of logs, matched and jointed at the corners like a 
log-house. It was about seven feet long, four feet wide, and four feet high, and closely covered 
at the top. This I took to be also a place of sepulture. 
The average depth of snow to-day was from two feet to two and a half. 
