ZOOLOGY. 
2G7 
Family P IIAL AC RO C OR AC I DA E*—The Cormorants. 
Graeulus, Bo nap. 
GRACULUS DILOPHUS, (Sw.) Gray. 
Double-crested Cormorant. 
Pelecanus (Caibo) dilophus, Sw. Faun. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 473. 
Plialacrocorax diloplius, Nutt. Man. II, 1831, 483.— Aud. Orn. Biog. Ill, 1835, 420 : Y, 1839, 628.— Ib. Syn. 1839, 
302— Ib. Birds Am. VI, 1844, 423 ; pi. ccccxvi. 
Graeulus dilophus, Gray, Gen. of Birds, 1845.— Bon. Cons. Av. II, 1855, 172.— Baird & Lawrence, Gen. Rep. 
Birds, 877. 
Carlo dilophus, Gamb. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phil. 2d Ser. I, 1849, 247. 
Sp. Ch — Greenish black ; behind each eye a recurved crest of loose feathers; gular sac orange; second quill longest; tad 
of twelve feathers. 
Mult. —The plumage of the head, neck, lower part of the back and entire under surface is greenish black, the feathers of 
the upper part of the back, the wing-coverts, the scapularies and tertiaries, grayish brown or dark ash, the margins of which 
are greenish black; primaries blackish brown, lighter on the inner webs; the secondaries dark grayish brown; tail black, as 
are also the shafts; running from the bill over the eye is a line of white filamentous feathers, there are also a few of the same 
character sparsely distributed over the neck; behind each eye is a tuft of rather long slender feathers, erect and curving 
forwards; bare space in the region of the eye, and gular sac orange; upper mandible blackish brown, with the edges yel¬ 
lowish ; lower yellow, marked irregular with dusky; iris bright green; legs, feet, and claws black, claw of the middle toe 
pectinated. 
Length, 34 inches; extent, 51.50; wing, 13; tail, 6.75; bill, 2.85; tarsus, 3.50; outer toe and claw, 4; inner, 2.50; hind, 1.75. 
Hal —Atlantic coast from Labrador to Carolina; fur countries; Pacific coast from Washington Territory to California. 
The double-crested cormorant is very common during spring and fall, in the larger rivers of 
the Territory, west of the Cascade mountains, where they generally sit on some snag or stump in 
the water watching for fish, or sunning themselves like vultures after eating, with their wings 
half-spread. They are very watchful, and rarely let a boat approach within gunshot, though 
they often stupidly fly close to it, after starting off. In winter they abound in the open bays 
and mouths of rivers, but in summer appear to retire to more northern regions. I have never 
heard them make any sound. When wounded they swim and dive so rapidly that it is useless 
to pursue them. They roost on cliffs and trees at night.—C. 
Rather common on Puget Sound, where I obtained a specimen in February, 1856. Individuals 
of this species are fond of alighting on drift logs, and thus float about with the tides and 
currents, apparently greatly enjoying their mode of travel. 
Immense numbers of cormorants are found in flocks on the rocky islands near Bellingham 
bay.—S. 
GRACULUS YIOLACEUS, (Gmelin,) Gray. 
Violet-Green Cormorant. 
Pelecanus violaceus, Gm. Syst. Nat. I, 1789, 575. 
Graeulus violaceus, Gray, Gen. of Birds, 1845— Baird & Lawrence, Gen. Rep. Birds, p. 881. 
Phalacrocorax resplendens, Aud. Orn. Biog. Y, 1839, 148 .—Ib. Syn. 1839, 304 .—Ib. Birds Am. VI, 1843, 430; pi. 
ccccxix. 
Urile bicristalus, Bon. Cons. Av. II, 1855, 175. 
Sp. Ch. —Violet-green; narrow white feathers are sparingly distributed on the sides of the neck and hind part, and sides 
of the body ; gular sac orange. 
Mull .—Crown and sides of the head dark bluish green, gradually blonding with the beautiful violet blue of the hind head 
and entire neck; back, rump, wings, and other plumage of a rich deep green; axillars, sides under the wings, and thigh 
