ART AND ARCHAEOLOGY 
their belongings suddenly to a new site. 
Traditions tell of the successive moving 
of some of the villages from one site to 
another seven or more times. 
The history of the Pueblos in the 
cliff-dwelling period will some day be 
clearly brought to light by a careful 
study of the archaeological remains of 
the region. Thanks to the dryness of 
the climate and the richness of the ma¬ 
terial culture of the Pueblos, and also to 
the fact that the dead were buried and 
not burned, the archaeology of the area 
is satisfactory and is greatly illumined 
by the study of the surviving Indians. 
The history of the Pueblos is better 
known than their ethnology. The first 
European known with certainty to have 
visited the Pueblos was Fray Marcos de 
Niza, who, accompanied only by a 
negro, reached a pueblo of the Zunis in 
1539 and succeeded in returning, with¬ 
out mishap, to the south. Enthusiastic 
over the report of the probable exis¬ 
tence of riches, the Viceroy of Mexico 
ordered Coronado to make an expedi¬ 
tion to the Pueblo country in the fol¬ 
lowing year. This expedition consisted 
of some seventy-five armed horsemen 
and they visited a number of the 
Pueblos, even penetrating to the Prov¬ 
ince of Quivira which lay on the plains 
to the northeast, and returned to Mex¬ 
ico in 1542. Later, several other Span¬ 
ish explorers traversed the country, but 
it was not until 1598 that a portion of 
the region was colonized by Spaniards 
and Mexican Indians under Juan de 
Onate. In 1680 the Pueblo Indians re¬ 
volted, killed some four hundred of the 
settlers and missionaries, and forced the 
rest to flee from the region. They re¬ 
treated in a body down the Rio Grande 
as far as El Paso, and for twelve years 
the Pueblos were independent of their 
conquerors. In 1692, Diego de Vargas 
reconquered the provinces and initi¬ 
ated conditions which closely resemble 
those that obtain at the present day. 
All the tribes which bordered on the 
Pueblos were familiar with agriculture 
and practiced it to a limited extent, but 
it was only the Pimas and other tribes 
that lived to the south which were 
agricultural in the same sense that the 
Pueblos were. In pre-European times 
the Pueblos possessed corn and beans 
of a number of varieties, calabashes, 
cotton, and certain other cultivated 
plants, and employed a highly devel¬ 
oped system of irrigation. The digging 
of the ditches and work in the fields 
was communal, and a large part of the 
Pueblo religion consists of prayers and 
ceremonies for the purpose of securing 
abundant harvests. The diet was sup¬ 
plemented by various wild seeds, roots, 
and greens, and game of considerable 
variety, and the ways of cooking the 
food, especially the corn products, are 
numerous and interesting. So also are 
the names of plants, and parts of the 
plants, which oftentimes are very curi¬ 
ous. At the present time the daily diet 
of many of the Pueblo Indians is as 
monotonous as that of their Mexican 
neighbors, the same tortillas, frijoles. 
and black coffee being always present. 
In addition to the plants which they 
anciently cultivated, the Pueblos now 
have all the plants that the Mexicans 
have and hesitate at eating nothing 
which the Mexicans or Americans eat, 
even using introduced food products in 
their most sacred Indian ceremonies; 
but these foods must at first have been 
accepted—as was the case with other 
tribes—only after a struggle. 
In ancient times the only domesti¬ 
cated mammal of the Pueblos was the 
dog, which is said to have varied con¬ 
siderably in size and color and must 
have been as numerous and ferocious 
to the stranger as at the present day. 
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