FALCONER ON THE AMERICAN FOSSIL ELEPHANT. 67 
ever seen a case, where a molar of E. meridionolis , or of E. antiques , 
could be confounded with that of the Mammoth. Mutilated and 
fragmentary specimens are frequently puzzling; simply because 
they are torsos of the worst description, in which parts are not 
merely wanting, but what remains is disfigured and disguised by 
abrasion. 
In the view here taken, there are, at the present time, but two 
well-determined species of fossil Elephant known in North America. 
1. E. primigenius , Blumb. Syn. E. Americunus , Leidy. The name 
Rupertianus , # of Sir John "Richardson, might have been cited as 
another synomym, but for the fact that that distinguished naturalist 
and Arctic explorer, with characteristic frankness, withdrew it, as 
soon as he became aware, by his own later researches, that it was 
untenable. 
2. E. Columbia 1857, Syn. E. primigenius , pro parte , of the 
American Palaeontologists ; E. Texianus , Owen, 1858. 
Whether the Cayenne specimen spoken of by Lartet (antea, p. 60) 
belongs to this, or to a distinct species, remains to be ascertained. 
The same, with our present knowledge, must be said of the E . 
imperator of Leidy, from Niobrara. Until a perfect molar is figured 
and described, no satisfactory opinion can be formed as to what the 
species is. Dr. Leidy, as already stated, assumed it to be distinct, 
and gave it the name upon the assumption. 
The same uncertainty applies to the specimens described con¬ 
ventionally by the anonymous author, for the occasion, under the 
name of E. Jacksoni. (antea, p. 57). The detached molar, by the 
figure, agrees with E. primigenius, while the lower jaw, so far as the 
figure can be trusted, indicates a different apecies. 
§ 6. Range in Time of the Mammoth. 
The geographical range of the species has been established from 
Texas across the continent of North America to Eschscholtz-Bay, 
thence from Arctic Siberia, across the steppes of Russia, through 
Germany, France, and England, to central Italy in the neighbourhood 
of Borne. I carefully examined the collections at Naples, including 
that of the University, where every facility was afforded to me by 
Professor Scacchi, and that of Signor Costa, but failed to detect a 
trace of it there, or in Sicily, in the Museums of Syracuse, Catania, 
Messina, or Palermo, the last of which contains a very considerable 
number of molars and other remains of fossil Elephants. There is 
clear evidence of the true Mammoth having existed in America long 
after the period of the Northern Drift, when the surface of the country 
had settled down into its present form. It becomes a question of 
the highest interest and importance to ascertain the first appearance 
of the species in time. The data, for its solution, are still so limited 
and imperfect, that the most we can do is to indicate where it is 
* ‘ Zoology of the Voyage of the Herald,’ p. 102. 
F 2 
