68 
ORIGINAL ARTICLES. 
earliest met with, as a starting point for future observation. That 
the Mammoth existed in Europe long after its emergence from under 
the sea of the Northern Drift, has been clearly established by more 
than one class of evidence. Abundant remains of the species have 
been observed in the 4 high ’ and 4 low level gravels ’ of river valleys 
in France and England, the nature and origin of which have been so 
ably investigated by Prestwich and other observers ; these valleys 
having been excavated, either during, or after, the rise of the drift- 
covered land, but mainly after it, when the country was inhabited by 
the Mammoth, Rhinoceros tichorhinus , &c., during the decline of the 
Glacial period. In the Apennine valley of the Chiana in Tuscany, E. 
primigenius existed so late as to have been a cotemporary of the 
Irish Elk ( Cervus euryceros ), Bos primigenius, and Bison prisons , 
bringing down the period to the very modern date of the superficial 
marly beds of the Isle of Man. The proofs of this assertion will be 
given more in detail in the sequel. Setting aside the cave evidence, 
on which I have dilated elsewhere, there is a specimen of a last lower 
molar, left side of a Mammoth, in the Natural History Museum of 
Torquay, presented by Mr. 0. E. Parker, which, Mr. Pengelly informed 
me, was dredged up in Torbay, at no great distance from the shore, 
and probably came out of the well known submerged 4 peat’ or 4 forest 
bed’ of that inlet. It is exceedingly fresh-looking, with a slight tinge 
of smut, as if it had lain in a peat-bed, and the surface is entirely free 
from any incrustation of marine Polvzoa, with which it must have got 
covered, had it lain long at the bottom of the sea. This peat-bed 
indicates a subsidence of the land in Devonshire, then peopled with 
Elephants, of a very modern date, and long subsequent to the period 
of the raised-beach, which is so boldly developed along that part of 
the coast. 
For a long time I was led to question the occurrence of the true 
Mammoth in England, anterior to the deposition of the 4 Boulder- 
Clay,’ in consequence of the questionable nature of the evidence 
upon which the asserted instances rested. They had either not been 
observed in situ , or were patched over with recent Polyzoa, showing 
that they had been dredged up from the bottom of the sea. But I 
have lately seen abundant proof of indisputable authenticity in the 
collections of the Bev. John Gunn of Irstead, and the Bev. S. W. 
King of Saxlingham, both in Norfolk, besides other cases, that E. 
primigenius of the characteristic type existed in England before 
the deposition of the Boulder-Clay. Perfect molars, presenting 
every element for rigorous identification, have been found in the 
4 Forest-bed ’ at the bottom of the section, between Cromer and 
Happisburgh, on a horizon of fluviatile or lacustrine strata, which 
have yielded remains of E. meridionalis , E. antiquus , Rhinoceros 
Etruscus , and Hippopotamus major , &c. But not a trace of Mam¬ 
moth has as yet been discovered in the 4 Norwich ’ or in the 4 Suffolk 
crag.’ The submergence of the land of the 4 Forest-bed,’ under the 
sea, is defined with the utmost precision; the true Mammoth existed 
