70 
ORIGINAL ARTICLES. 
pliocene deposits of Rignano, and in tlie volcanic gravels of the 
Campagna. Here, therefore, we have unquestionable evidence that 
B. primigenius inhabited Central Italy, when the extinct Latian 
volcanoes were in full action. There are no data for correlating with 
precision this epoch with that of the Norfolk 4 Forest-bed,’ but it 
reaches as far back, nearly, as the close of the Pliocene period. 
On the other hand, in the Alpine valley of the Chiana in Tuscany, 
I met with decisive evidence that E. primigenius had survived in 
Italy down to a comparatively modern period. The museum of 
Arezzo contains a mutilated cranium of this species, presenting all 
the basilar portion, from the occipital condyles on to the incisive 
bones, both the maxillary bones, together with the palate, and the 
two last true molars in situ , on either side, of an old animal. The 
specimen exhibits the most typical characters of the Mammoth, 
throughout. The same collection includes lower jaws, detached 
molars, an entire humerus, and a radius and ulna of the same form. 
Some of these remains were very fresh-looking in colour, although 
adhesive to the tongue. Along with them, in the same turbary 
deposit, were found eight frontal fragments with the horn cores of 
Eos primigenius and three of Bison priscus; and in the University 
Museum of Bologna, I saw an undoubted skull of Cervus euryceros 
(the Irish Elk), from the same localities in Yal di Chiana. It is 
worthy of remark, that in no one of the Italian museums, from Naples 
to Turin, did I detect a trace of Rhinoceros tichorhinus, although with 
an eye specially directed in search of it. I carefully examined 
Monti’s lower jaw, referred to by Cuvier as being of that species,* and 
I can affirm, with confidence, that it belongs to another extinct form. 
It is preserved in the museum of Bologna. With the exception of 
R. tichorhinus , the fossil fauna of the Yal di Chiana exhibits all the 
leading forms of the large Ungulata that accompanied the Mammoth 
in the north of Europe, before its final extinction. 
Passing over the superficial deposits of Central and Northern 
Europe, I shall refer briefly to the Mammoth-deposits of Siberia and 
the Ural mountains. The nature of the accumulations of the bones 
of Elephants and other northern quadrupeds at the mouths of the 
Siberian rivers is so well known, through the writings of Pallas, and 
other naturalists and travellers since his time, that it is only neces¬ 
sary to allude to one leading fact, namely, that besides the freshness 
of condition in which they are preserved, the Siberian Fauna, as a 
whole, agrees with that of the ‘ low-level gravels ’ of the river valleys 
and 4 superficial drift’ of the last stage of the Glacial period in Central 
Europe, and that it has not yet been shown to contain any of the 
older extinct species, like the Elephas antiguus , Rhinoceros niega- 
* Oss. Fossiles, 4to. tom. ii. p. 73. Tab. ix. fig, 10. Prof. Capellini obligingly 
gave every facility for the examination of the specimen, by removing the enveloping 
matrix. 
