112 
ORIGINAL ARTICLES. 
they were exercised, in the Mammoth of the South of Europe, as in 
the asserted case of the Mammoth of Northern Asia. 
Again, let us take the case of the Mammoth of Texas, and of the 
other Southern States, bordering the Gulf of Mexico. It will hardly 
be asserted, at the present day, that the same arboreous vegetation 
extended from the upper parts of the valleys of the Obi and Irtish 
across northern Asia, and from Behring’s Straits across the surface 
of North America to the warm latitude of the G-ulf of Mexico. 
Granted that the refrigeration of the Glacial period extended so far 
south, it must have been greatly modified in intensity by the south¬ 
ern latitude, as it was in the south of Europe; and that modification 
was incompatible with a tree vegetation restricted to pines, birches, 
poplars, willows and junipers. We further know, that when the 
Mammoth pastured along the margins of the great swamps of Ohio 
and Kentucky, vegetation then was nearly identical with what it is 
now, being very different from that of Siberia. 
An inconsistency of the advocates of the doctrine here combated, 
is worthy of notice. While so strongly insisting on the special rela¬ 
tion between the teeth of the Mammoth and the leafless tree-vegeta¬ 
tion on which he fed during winter, it was asserted that the variety 
of molar on which JE. meridionalis is founded, occurs not only in 
England but in Siberia, and as far north as Eschscholtz-bay. # It 
is well known that the teeth of the latter species possess characters 
which are very different from those of the former; having thick 
enamel-plates, which are few in number and wide apart. The special 
adaptation, between the teeth and food, which held in the one, was 
therefore absent in the other, although, under the view here referred 
to, they were both said to be found in the same Arctic localities, 
where they must both have subsisted on the same impoverished 
Elora. 
The state of our exact knowledge, at the present time, regarding 
the duration, geographical range, climate, habits and food of the 
Mammoth, appears to be thus. The species existed before the Gla¬ 
cial period in Europe, and survived long after it in Europe or Ame¬ 
rica. The constitutional flexibility, which is implied by its ‘ dicyclo- 
therian ’ term in time, is equally evinced in its vast geographical 
range of habitat; extending from the valley of the Tiber to the 
Lena, and from Eschscholtz-bay to the shores of the Gulf of 
Mexico. Making due allowance for the interference of the glacial 
phenomena, the extremes of north and south latitude, in which 
undoubted remains of this ancient Elephant have been found, ne¬ 
cessarily imply, that his constitutional flexibility was like that of 
man, capable of adaptation to very great differences of climate. In 
Siberia, he was “ enveloped in a shaggy thick covering of fur, like 
“ the Musk Ox, impenetrable to rain or cold.” f But we are 
* Brit. Foss. Mamm., p. 238. 
f Fleming. Edinb. New. Phil. Journ. 1828, Yol. 6. p. 285. 
