WILD AND TAME CATTLE OE CAMBODIA, 
547 
second named species, ngua deng, or red ox, is also of great size. 
The bulls have large horns, stretching forward; the cows are similar 
to the common domestic animal of the same species [?], but have 
not the hump. Both male and female are of a uniform brownish- 
red colour, with the belly and throat white. The third species, ngua 
dam , or black ox, is like the preceding in size; their colour is a black, 
or blackish grey. The cows, unlike the red cattle, have short horns, 
curved forward, and have not the pendent pouch of skin which the 
cows of the preceding species have under the throat. They frequently 
occur on the plains, in herds of from 50 to 300 at a time, and afford 
good employment to the huntsman. In the domestic state, two 
species of oxen are to be met with ; they are universally employed 
as beasts of burden. The one is the common humped species, and 
the other one is a small race, of a red colour, without humps ; both 
kinds have very short horns. The first occurs black, white, and red. 
The Buffalo, also extremely common in the domestic state, is more 
generally wild, the abundant pastures affording such great facilities 
for their increase. Those wild are of a much greater size than those 
domesticated, and have horns of enormous size. They are also en¬ 
dowed with an extraordinary amount of strength, and it is said, can 
knock over a good-sized Elephant. The horns and hides of this, 
as well as the oxen, form articles of commerce.”— Notes on the An¬ 
tiquities, Natural History, fyc. fyc., of Cambodia. # * * By 
James Campbell, Esq., Surgeon, B.N., E.B.Gr.S. Journal of the 
Royal Geographical Society, Yol. xxx. (1860), p. 197. 
Now what can all these bovine animals be ? 
1. The Buffalo is clearly distinguished, both wild and tame; the for¬ 
mer being not improbably the descendants of domestic Buffaloes that 
have returned to wildness ; for the Buffalo is not usually considered to 
be indigenously wild in the countries lying eastward of the Bay of 
Bengal. I remark, however, with surprise, the alleged difference of 
size between the wild and tame animals of this species, which is also 
the case in India, because in Burmah the tame Buffaloes approxi¬ 
mate to the wild in magnitude and in development of horns. ( Vide 
Journ. As. Soc. B. xxxi. p. 340.) The supposed reason for the com¬ 
paratively stunted development of the domestic Buffaloes of India 
is, that the calves are deprived of an adequate supply of milk ; but in 
Cambodia there would seem to be the same degeneracy in the 
domestic animal, although the Cambodians, as we may presume from 
analogy with the contiguous kindred nations, do not milk their 
cattle. 
2. The ngua hating, from its “ colossal size” and prowess, can 
hardly be other than the Graour, or Pyoung, of the Burmese, Pos 
gaurus ; but this animal has by no means “ enormous horns” for its 
stature and bulk; and the very largest Burmese Giaours (or “ Bison” 
of Anglo-Indians) have comparative'y short and thick and stubby 
horns. ( Vide Journ. As. Soc. B. xxxi. p. 336.) This animal not 
only inhabits all suitable parts of India, but also the Indo-Chinese 
