38 
BRITISH FOSSIL ELEPHANTS. 
of ridges in front, leaving 12 x in 8‘5 inches. This tooth is very characteristic of the 
parallel aggregated disks with little central expansion or angulation; the crown is broad. 
An upper molar, No. 27,515, B. M., from Walton, in Essex, is more than half worn, 
with several of the anterior ridges worn away, leaving 14 ridges and a heel, or 13 x, in 
S'5 inches. 
The disks here are remarkably parallel and closely packed together; the enamel is 
thin, and the crimping is not by any means so pronounced as usual; with central 
angulations, altogether there is a pronounced similarity between the above and varieties of 
the tooth of the Mammoth. In that respect the broad-crowned variety has assuredly 
resemblances to the molar of the latter. The above is matched by a lower molar, No. 
39,463, B. M., from Southwold. 
A fine specimen of a modification of the broad-crowned variety was discovered in 
fluviatile deposits in 1854, in digging the foundation of the Junior United Service 
Club, Charles Street, St. James’s, associated with remains of Hippopotamus major , 
Bosprimigenius, and Cervus. This upper tooth, nearly entire, is preserved in the drawing¬ 
room of the Club. About two ridges have been broken off in front, leaving 15^ in a 
space of 9 inches, with a maximum breadth of crown of 3'2 inches. Each ridge is on an 
average 0'7 inch in thickness. The crown pattern and other characters are typical of 
the species of Elephant in question. 
Two mutilated but very suggestive examplesof the ultimate molar, marked No. 8 and 
9, are preserved in the Museum of the Geological Society, and labelled E. primigenius. 
The locality is unknown. The loss of posterior ridges in both instances prevents an exact 
estimate being made. It would appear that only two have disappeared ; at all events, the 
teeth present all the characters of the broad-crowned variety of E. antiquus, which was 
formerly readily confounded with the molar of the Mammoth. 
A good instance of a broad upper crown is preserved in the Oxford University 
Museum. It is from Hurley Bottom, and is entire, with a ridge formula of a? 16 a? in 
9'5 inches. The lower molar of the broad-crowned variety is admirably seen in the 
rami from Barrow-on-Soar, No. 33,796, B. M. I will refer again to the jaw. The 
molars are not quite entire, several ridges in front having been worn out by use, leaving 
12 ridges and a heel in 8'3 inches. The crowns give a maximum breadth of 35 inches 
at their middle, and taper like all ultimate molars towards the posterior talon. 
A mandible containing two superb molars, No. 27,908, B. M., is from St. Mary’s 
Stoke, near Ipswich. The jaw is that of an aged individual, as there are several of the 
anterior dental ridges worn out. The teeth are suggestive instances of the broad crown. 
An upper molar of the latter description marked Barrow-on-Soar ? is preserved in 
the Museum of the Royal Dublin Society. It has lost the hind talon, and the ridges in 
front are injured, but there is evidence of a ridge formula of a? 17 a? in a space of 10‘5 
inches. An intermediate variety of crown between the broad and narrow molars is 
further illustrated by a broken tooth, No. 33,337, B. M., in left ramus, dredged up off 
