ELEPHAS ANTIQUUS—MILK MOLARS. 
17 
natural size , in Plate I, fig. 4. This palate specimen, No. 21,301, B. M., is the one 
referred to in Dr. Falconer’s notes. 1 It is from Grays, and holds nine plates and two 
talons, i . e . x 9 x, in a length of 5 inches, the maximum breadth of crown being L9 inch. 
These teeth are matched by another pair, No. 21,068, B. M., and 21,318, B. M., from 
the same locality. Each tooth holds x 9x in 4'8 by L7 inch, with an average thickness 
per ridge of 0’5 inch. Another upper molar, 27,914, B. M., from Clacton fresh¬ 
water deposits, is precisely like the foregoing in the number of ridges and length. It is 
scarcely necessary to dilate on the characters of these four examples. The angulation of the 
enamel of the disk so frequent in lower molars is not always present in the upper, but the 
tendency to central expansion is general, and, with crimping, narrow crown, and height 
of ridges, is very characteristic of the species. 
The characters of the palate teeth are well seen also in the specimen in the Oxford 
Museum, alluded to by Dr. Falconer, 3 where x 10 x are contained in 5 - 3 inches. The tooth 
represented in the ‘F. A. S.,’ pi. xivA, figs. 2 and 2 a , from Southwold, holds 12—13 
ridges in 5 - 5 inches. It is No. 8409 of the collection in the Geological Society of 
London. This tooth contrasts well as regards dimension with the upper-jaw specimens, 
figs. 3 and 3 a of the same plate, No. 18,789, B. M. The locality of the latter is 
unknown; it holds x 10 x in 6 inches. Dr. Falconer was uncertain whether to consider 
it as a large last milk or a small first true molar, 3 and the same doubts must be 
acknowledged by every experienced observer. There are imperfect upper molars, such 
as figs. 6 and 7 of pi. xiv a, ‘ F. A. S.,’ the former from Suffolk, the latter from Kent; 
both are much worn and imperfect, so that they are of little use in establishing their 
positions in the dental series. 
The mandibular teeth of this stage of growth are numerous; and wherever the jaw is 
preserved there is not much difficulty in assigning their proper places in the series. 
In the fine collection in the British Museum there are seven excellent examples of the 
lower ultimate milk tooth. There is an entire lower molar in the Bright Collection, 
British Museum; the locality is unknown, but evidently from British strata; it holds 
x\\x in a space of 5*9 inches. Like many beach specimens from the Norfolk coast, 
it shows evident signs of roiling in the surf. The enamel is thin, and all the ridges 
excepting the last two are in wear. Similar specimens are numerous in the Layton 
Collection, also from the pre-glacial deposits of the east coast. Thus No. 33,388’ 
B. M., a right lower from Happisborough holds a? 19 a? in 5‘6 inches. Here the ridges 
are broad, being each nearly 0'7 inch in thickness. No. 33,375, B. M., left lower 
from the same locality, like the last, shows evidence of rolling. It holds xll x in 5'8 
inches; another tooth, 33,374, B. M., has x\2 x in 5'5 inches. These dredged speci¬ 
mens are further illustrated by No. 33,390, B. M., a right lower, with a formula of 
x 10 x in 5'9 inches, and an average thickness of each ridge of about 0'5 inch. 
1 ‘Pal. Mem.,’ vol. ii, p. 177. - Idem, vol. ii, p. 178. 3 Idem, vol. i, p. 442, and vol. ii, p. 180. 
3 
