ELEPHAS ANTIQUUS—MILK MOLARS. 
11 
jaw. As far as data extend, the ridge formula of the first or ante-penultimate milk molar 
agrees pretty closely in all known fossil and recent species; the usual number in upper 
teeth varying from four to five ridges, and in lower from four to six. The largest known 
number occurs in the Asiatic and African Elephants and Mammoth. As will be seen by 
comparison with other species recorded in the following table, this member of the series 
in E. antiquus holds from two to three plates, exclusive of the fore and hind talon, in 
upper molars, and three plates and two talons in the lower jaw; but no doubt exceptions 
will turn up, as variability is a marked feature in the dental morphology of the species. 
Table of Comparisons betiveen the Ante-penultimate Milk Molars of Extinct and Recent 
Elephants. 
LT. upper ; 
L. lower. 
Plates; talons x. 
Maximum length 
and breadth of 
crown. 
Remarks. 
( 
u 
x 2 x 
0-8 x 0-7 
No. 44,783, B. M., p. 9. 
Elephas antiquus... 
u 
x 3 x 
0-9 x 07 
No. 21,654, B. M., pi. i, figs. 1, 1 a, 
1 
p. 9. 
l 
L 
x 3 x 
07 x 0-4 
Right and left; Victoria Cave, York- 
shire, pi. i, fig. 2, 2 a, p. 9. 
f 
U 
x 2 x 
0 5 x 0'4 
‘Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond.,’ vol. ix, 
pi. i, fig. 3, p. 11. 
U 
3 x 
0-4 x 0-32 
Ditto, vol. vi, pl.liii, fig. 2, p. 286. 
E. Mnaidriensis . .. 
L 
x 3 x 
0 6 X 0-4 
Ditto, vol. ix, pi. i, fig. 4, p. 12. 
L 
x 3 x 
0-55 x 0-3 
Ditto, vol. ix, pi. i, fig. 5, p. 11. 
r 
U 
x 3 x 
0-9 x 0-6 
Busk, ‘ Trans. Z. S. L.,’ vol. vi, table, 
p. 307. 
U 
x 4 x 
0'9 X 0-68 
E. Africanus 1 .<j 
L 
x 2 x 
0-8 x 0-6 
L 
x 4 x 
1-0 x 75 
( 
U 
x 3 x 
0'95 x 075 
Falconer, ‘ Pal. Mem.,’ vol. ii, p. 110. 
E. meridionahs ... J. 
1 
L 
x 3 x 
0-7 x 
Ditto, p. 114. 
E. primigenius . 
U 
4 x 
0-8 x 0-7 
Busk, ‘ Trans. Z. S. L.,’ vol. vi, table, 
p. 307. 
1 The rare instance in collections of the first or pre-ante-pennltimate milk molar is shewn in the 
mandible of an African Elephant, No. 708 ‘ Osteological Catalogue,’ B. M., where a functionally developed 
first milk is seen on the left ramus in front of the ante-penultimate. The former is 0'6 x 0 - 4 inch in 
breadth, with a ridge formula of a; 2 x, whilst the second milk holds the same number of ridges in a space 
of 0'85 X 0'6. 
