ELEPHAS ANTIQUES—MANDIBLE. 
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E. Jfricanus, E. Namadicus, and the Maltese forms, instead of being circular in contour, 
is more parabolic, and widens upwards towards the neck of the condyle. 
The gutter in the above specimen is not so open as in the Mammoth nor so narrow as 
in E. meridionalis and the African, and is more like the symphysial canal of the Asiatic. 
In the ramus, 40,840, B. M., containing an ultimate molar, described at p. 40, the 
diasteme is also nearly vertical, with the mentary foramina at a distance from its free 
border. The large opening is as usual just under the anterior fang. The symphysial 
canal is 53 inches in length, and the jaw is 7 inches in height at the base of the coronoid 
process. 
The mandible containing the ultimate molars, referred to at p. 39, from Cromer 
Jetty, shows a large foramen four inches below the crown in front. The diasteme is erect, 
with a small scar of the rostrum which is wanting. The mental foramina are within 
1 ^ inches of the free margin. 
Another, No. 361, of Mr. Gunn’s collection shows the above-mentioned foramen in 
the same position. The diasteme is injured, but indications of the mentary foramina are 
seen within a distance of about 1-| inches of the free margin. The contour of the 
ascending ramus is decidedly African. These represent aged individuals. 
A ramus of the lower jaw of Elep/ias Namadicus in the British Museum is figured in 
the ‘Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis,’ plate xii c, fig. 4; it contains the entire last molar already 
noticed at p. 44; and presents all the characters of the foregoing rami. The diasteme is 
also nearly vertical. I)r. Falconer states that the coronoid portion of the ramus shelves 
out more, and the mentary foramina are placed higher than in E. antiquus} As regards 
these distinctions between the specimen, also fig. 5 of the same plate, and mandibles 
of E. antiquus, I fail to discover any marked differences whatever. The uncertainty as to 
numbers and exact position of the mentary foramina have been demonstrated by the pre¬ 
ceding specimens, whilst a comparison between them and the jaws in question, together 
with the ramus of E. antiquus, plate xiii b, fig. 4, gives no appreciable differences. 
As regards relative dimensions, although generally the mandible of E. antiquus con¬ 
taining the last true molar is relatively larger than the usual specimens of recent species, 
still there are lower jaws of the latter as large as many of the foregoing; so that the Elephas 
antiquus sometimes maintained the mandibular, and, as will also be shown presently, the 
general osteological proportions, met with in individuals of the living species. 
With reference to the characters of the lower jaw in living and extinct species, I find 
in comparing the varied materials in the different museums, that as regards, 1, 
the contour of the chin, 2, direction of the diasteme, 3, general contour of the 
horizontal ramus, 4, contour of the ascending ramus posteriorly, 5, relative aspects of the 
symphysial canal, 6, position of the mentary foramina, there is a close relationship 
between the jaws of Elephas antiquus, E. Namadicus, and the Maltese fossil forms. On 
