ELEPHAS ANTIQUUS—ATLAS. HUMERUS. 
57 
The above character, taken in connection with a rather stouter bone than that of the 
typical atlas of the Mammoth, might, as Mr. Davies has supposed, place the atlas and 
axis referred to by him in the Brady Catalogue with the remains of E. antiquus 4 It is 
also worthy of note that this foramen is uncovered in a huge atlas, No. 36,436, B.M., 
dredged up on the Norfolk coast, and which from its dimensions is comparable with 
the colossal bones ascribed to Elephas meridionalis, although no doubt individuals of 
E. antiquus often attained to as great dimensions. 
Dr. Falconer 2 records a scapula three feet three inches in length, along with other 
bones, obtained from Bracklesham Bay. There are several fragments of large shoulder- 
blades in both the British Museum and Norwich Museum. This bone, however, does not 
appear to vary much, if at all, in the recent and extinct species, excepting, perhaps, in the 
relative length of the glenoid fossa and position of the recurved process of the acromion. 
The former is relatively broader in the larger of these fossil scapulae as compared with 
undoubted specimens of E. primigenius and E. Asiaticus, and consequently assimilate 
to the African Elephant. I have not seen a specimen sufficiently entire to admit of deter¬ 
mination of the position of the spinal process with exactness, the latter distinction being 
seldom preserved in the fossil state. 
4. HUMERUS. 
Whatever may have been the maximum height and general dimensions of E. antiquus — 
and individuals, judging from teeth alone, must have attained to enormous proportions— 
we find, as Falconer has pointed out, data establishing the belief that relatively this 
Elephant, as compared with the Mammoth, was altogether a stouter animal. This is well 
shown from undoubted specimens generally of the long bones of the E. primigenius, in 
particular the humerus and femur. The differences were evidently much the same as 
prevail between the two recent Elephants, so that the Asiatic Elephant and Mammoth 
would go together, whilst the E. antiquus and the African might be considered relatively 
broader and stouter animals. It would seem, however, if the bones referred to here 
belong to E. antiquus, that it was often bulkier than any of the foregoing, and approached 
E. meridionalis, which was the largest of the three British extinct forms. 
Several undoubted specimens of the humerus of E. primigenius in the British Museum 
show all the characters of the Asiatic Elephant, and are generally in proportion more 
slender than that of the African, and than fossil humeri obtained from Grays and other 
deposits where teeth of E. antiquus are met with. They contrast, moreover, with 
huge specimens from the Forest Bed and other situations where teeth of E. meridionalis 
are found. 
1 See ‘Catalogue of Mammalian Remains from Ilford,’ p. 28, Nos. 9 and 10 u, or Nos. 45,200 and 
