60 
BRITISH FOSSIL ELEPHANTS. 
3. The head of the olecranon arches more inwards in the African and in the bones in 
question than in E. Asiaticus and Mammoth. 
The distal extremities of the specimens d 11 and 12, and also of a detached left ulna 
in the Museum, locality unknown, are wanting. These bones in proportion are stouter 
than ulnae of the same length in the Mammoth. 
There are several ulnae in the Norwich Museum, and apparently as far as the foregoing 
indications are admissible it would seem that they bear out the characters assigned to the 
above and E. primigenius, by means of several examples in Mr. Gunn’s and Miss Gurney’s 
collections; it is still an open question, however, how far the larger specimens and the 
ulna of E. meridionahs differ. As regards the connection of the largest with either of 
the two stupendous humeri in the same Museum, and which Falconer has connected with 
the latter species, there can be no doubt that individually all belonged to elephants 
differing much in size. 
Anchylosis of the forearm bones would seem to be not uncommon. I have seen the 
radius united at its proximal extremity in the larger Maltese form, and the specimen of, 
perhaps, a Mammoth’s ulna and radius completely interossified throughout is preserved in 
the Gunn collection, showing the restricted functions of the radius in Elephants. 
7. PORTION OF A FOREFOOT. 
The only portion of the foot of the Mammoth referred to by Professor Owen in the 
‘ British Fossil Mammals n is a fragment 2 from Grays, Essex, of an enormous right foot 
comprising the cuneiform, which has lost its apex, together with the magnum, unciforme, 
second and third metacarpals. The combined breadth of the proximal aspects of 
the magnum and unciforme are 12‘6 inches. The following are the dimensions of the 
bones :—Cuneiforme—height 4’8 inches; maximum breadth 5'8 inches;—Unciforme— 
height 6 inches; transverse diameter 7'9 inches; antero-posterior diameter 6'8 inches; 
the cuneiform surface is 5*8 inches by 4'8 inches ; third metacarpal facet is 3 by 1 inch, 
whilst that of the fourth and fifth are 4 inches antero-posteriorly by 7 inches trans¬ 
versely :—Magnum—height 5 - 8 inches; maximum breadth 6 inches; the lunare surface 
is 6 inches in breadth by 5‘6 inches in the antero-posterior diameter. 
The second metacarpal has lost its distal epiphysis, leaving about 7 inches, with the 
proximal articulation intact excepting a portion of the inner facet. The magnal facet is 
4 inches in antero-posterior diameter by l'!J inch in breadth; girth, mid-shaft 
10’S inches. 
These carpal and metacarpal bones when compared with authenticated remains of 
the Mammoth and the two recent species do not appear to differ excepting in their 
1 Page 249. 
2 In tlie British Musenm. 
