ELEPHAS PRIMIGENIUS.—DENTITION. 
79 
have been found associated in North America, and also with Elephas Armeniacus, which is 
closely allied, if not identical in its dental characters, with E. Columbi and E. Asiaticus. 
The affinity between the Mammoth and certain Miocene (?) Sewalik species will be 
referred to in the sequel, According to Ealconer, it belonged to the “ Eurycoronine ” 
series of his sub-genus Euelephas. 
(2.) The narrow ridges of the Mammoth’s molar are peculiar as compared with its allies, 
and are usually parallel, more or less, although they may be sometimes rather bent, as 
seen in Plate XI, fig. 2, but rarely to the extent observed in E. antiquus} The above 
character is best seen on the worn crown. The disc has not the central dilatation and 
angulation of that of the latter species, and its outline is more even than in either the 
Asiatic or Meridional Elephant. Ealconer truly observes that the enamel plates “in 
F. primigenius are only half as thick as in F. meridionalis, and thinner than in the 
Indian Elephant or in E. antiquus.”* 
(3.) The close approximation of the ridges is a marked feature of the Mammoth’s 
teeth. The cement wedges without are smaller, just as is the dentine within the ridges. 
The above point of distinction is ordinarily characteristic per se. The digitations of 
the unworn ridge or colliculus are numerous, but never so large and massive as in 
E. antiquus and E. meridionalis. They are greatly lengthened sometimes, as seen in 
the worn crown (PL VIII, fig. 2). 
(4.) The enamel of the molar of the Mammoth is relatively thinner than in any other 
known species, but there is considerable variability, as will appear in the sequel. It is 
remarkably attenuated in teeth from the Arctic regions, and the so-called Mammoth teeth 
from the United States, also in molars from certain districts in the British Islands 
and Continent of Europe, to be noted presently, whilst the reverse obtains from 
remains discovered at Ilford, in the Thames Valley, and elsewhere, as first pointed out by 
Davies ; 1 * 3 4 but these extremes may be found in teeth from the same localities, and even the 
same deposits. The enamel has a tendency apparently to become thick in the penulti¬ 
mate and ultimate true molars, and apparently so in individuals and in small teeth 
containing the lowest ridge-formula of the individual member of the series, whatever 
it may be. Consequently age, and perhaps sex, besides individual peculiarities, may have 
a good deal to do with either extreme. The terms, therefore, thick- and THiN-plated so 
characteristic of the teeth of E. antiquus and the Maltese fossil Elephants/ indeed, as will 
appear hereafter, also in E. meridionalis , although not so pronounced as in the two 
former, are present also in Elephas primigenius. The advantages of narrow bands of 
enamel to the Arctic individual, as compared with the broader ridges of the crowns of 
teeth from the Thames valley deposits, might furnish matters for speculation in connection 
1 PI. I, fig. 4, Monograph. 
3 ‘Pal. Mem.,’ vol. ii, 146. 
3 ‘Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond.,’ vol. ix, p. 7 ; ‘ Cat. Brady Collection,’ p. 4. 
4 Op. eit. 
