ELEPHAS PRIMIGENIUS.—DENTITION. 
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represented by numerous instances in the Museum of the University. The smallest 
ultimate molar of the Mammoth I have seen is thick- plated. It is that shown in PI. XIII, 
figs. 1 and la, from Kirby, in Leicester. Several molars from Dunkirk, Northern and 
Central France, Germany, Austria, and the Danube, in the British Museum and 
Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge, are decidedly thin- plated, whilst one from Moscow, 
in the former, has thick enamel. 
Now, although apparently not much reliance can be placed on the state of the enamel 
as characteristic of race, at the same time the Arctic or typical crown represented by 
the North-Asiatic and North-American specimens, on the one hand, and Kent’s Cavern 
on the other, presents a decided contrast to the molars from Ilford on the Thames, 
where not only is the enamel thicker, but the teeth themselves are all much smaller. 
The same character, as will be shown in the sequel, obtained in other parts of the skeleton, 
so that we are, at all events, fairly justified in concluding that many small-sized 
individuals sojourned in the Valley of the Thames during the deposition of its sands, 
clays, and gravels, whilst the Leicester molars represent what must have been a dwarf 
ElejEiant scarcely larger than the Elephas Mnaidriensis of Malta. Altogether these facts 
prove much variability in dimensions of full-grown individuals. 
(5.) The external or outer surface of the flattened enamel of the plate of the 
Mammoth grinder may be either smooth or rough, to the extent that the plane of 
detrition presents an even edge or slightly crimped border, the latter character being 
generally pronounced towards the middle of the plate. Indeed, the ruga on the outer 
surface may be scarcely defined, or so prominent that a transverse section presents the 
above character. These variations may be noticed in individual discs of the 
same molar and are well represented in the Plates. The outline of the enamel 
disc is usually even, but occasionally undulating, and the inner surface of the plate 
is smooth. As to the degree of crimping of the macliserides, in comparison with allied 
forms, it is not nearly so pronounced as in the Elephas antiquus, in which the crimp¬ 
ing or festooning involves the entire thickness: this is not generally the case in the 
former, the roughening being generally confined to the outer edge of the enamel. 
The excessive crimping in the Asiatic Elephant is a marked character of its molar, 
and although there may be no such appearance of the enamel in the tooth of 
E. meridionalis, it is readily distinguished from the Mammoth’s, by the thickness of the 
enamel, excess of intervening cement, and other well-developed points, which will be 
fully noted hereafter. 
With reference to the other crown constituents, to wit, the dentine and cement:—An 
excess or a diminution of the former does not present a remarkable feature in the molar 
of the Mammoth. As usual in all species, the dentine of the base and the cement 
increase in quantity with the age of the tooth ; that is, the common base is augmented 
as the ridges are being ground completely down, and attains to considerable thickness in 
ultimate molars, as in examples which will be referred to. The cement also increases 
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