ELEPHAS PRIMIGENIUS.—MILK MOLARS. 
85 
The remarkable specimen from a cavern near Zwickau, in Saxony, described and 
figured by Kaup as the Cymatotherium antiquum} is referred to by Ealconer, who believes 
it is the awfe-penultimate milk-molar of the Mammoth. 2 This tooth differs from the last 
in resembling certain molars of E. antiquus and the Maltese Pigmy Elephants 3 by 
possessing a single, connate, compressed fang, with a groove down the sides, indicating 
the line of partition between the fangs. It holds two plates besides an anterior and 
posterior talon in a length of 9 millimetres (about 0'35 of an inch), which make it even 
more diminutive than the Kent’s Cavern specimen. The empty socket behind it, as 
represented in the figure referred to, indicates the position of, possibly, the ante- as well as 
the penultimate. This, however, is not determined. The slightly worn tips of the 
molars and the consolidated fang also show that it did not belong to a uterine individual. 
Whichever tooth it may be, it is, at all events, the most diminutive Elephant’s molar with 
which I am acquainted. 
The low ridge-formula is not a character, seeing that instances of a? 2 a? are not rare in 
other extinct, and also in the ante-penultimate milk-teeth of the recent species. But the 
aoove and the Kent’s Hole tooth are so excessively small in comparison with the next 
molars described here, that, unless the ante-penultimate is subject to great discrepancy in 
that respect, and I see no reason why such should not be the case, as it prevails in the 
other members of the dental series, it may just be likely that they belong to the anoma¬ 
lous condition represented by the African mandible referred to. At all events, the single 
compressed and grooved fang which is sometimes present, as I have shown in the case of 
E. antiquus and the Maltese fossil Elephant, 4 occurs also in E. primiyenius. I have seen 
no such instances, however, from jaws of the recent species. The above may be 
suggestive of possible reappearances of ancestral homologies. 
Ante-penultimate or Second Milk Molar. 
An excellent representative of this member of the dental series is presented by 
No. 1063 of the Kent’s Cavern Collection, shown in Plate IX, fig. 3. It is of the upper 
jaw and probably of the right side. The fangs are wanting, but, as demonstrated by fig. 3, 
they are bifurcated, the larger (fig. 3 c), as usual, being the posterior. The tips of the 
digitations of the four anterior plates (fig. 3a) being slightly detrited show the owner to have 
been, at all events, not a uterine individual. According to Mr. Pengelly’s memorandum, 
it was found, 21st December, 1865, in the Great Chamber in the four-foot level of cave 
earth.” The ridge-formula is x 4 x in 0-8 X 0 6, showing dimensions equal to the 
1 Akten der Urwelt,’ tab. iv, p. 11, and De Blainville’s ‘ Osteographie,’ pi. x. 
2 ‘ Pal. Mem.,’ vol. ii, p. 161. 
3 ‘ Monograph,’ PI. I, fig. 2 ; « Trans. Zool. Soc. Load.,’ vol. ix, pi. i, fig. 6. 
4 ‘Monograph on E. antiquus,’ p. 10, PI. I, figs. 2, 2a, and ‘Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond.,’ vol. ix, p. 10 
pi. i, figs. 3—6. 
