ELEPHAS PRIMIGENIUS.—MILK MOLARS. 
89 
with the crown worn and the fangs well preserved (figs. 6, 6 a). In both the crown is 
composed of three ridges (figs. 5 a, 6 a) and two talons. In fig. 5 the ridges are connected 
together by a longitudinal secondary ridge on the inner, while they are perfectly free down to 
their confluent bases on the outer side. The inner side of the crown presents an arc in 
longitudinal section, while the outer is nearly flat, the widest portion being behind (fig. 5 b) 
and the narrowest in front. In fig. 5 c the fangs are undeveloped. In fig. 6 a the crown 
is so embedded in enamel that its structure is only suspected by a minute comparison with 
the preceding tooth. It is supported on a stout bony pedestal composed of two connate 
fangs, which branch off at a distance of 0 - 95 inch from the top of the crown at acute 
angles to each other, the front being the smaller, as in the case of the corresponding 
tooth in the closely allied Asiatic Elephant. I do not, however, attach any great import¬ 
ance to this character, since I find the variations in the development of fangs in living 
and extinct Mammalia very great, and especially in the milk-molars. The total length 
of fig. 6, from the posterior fang-tip (broken) to crown, is L7 inch. As may be expected, 
the ridges are smaller and the enamel thinner than in the corresponding teeth of 
E. antiquus. 
“ The first upper functional milk-molar is proved by these two specimens (figs. 7 
and 4) to have been composed of four ridges and two talons. They are both unworn, 
and are supported upon a base of connate fangs, proved, by the constriction shown in 
3 a, to have been two in number and the front being the smaller, as in the lower jaw. 
The ridges are not so coarse as in E. antiquus, and are four in number, as compared 
with the three of the latter species. 
“ These specimens fill a blank in the history of the dentition of the Mammoth, defined 
by Dr. Falconer. The rest of the milk-teeth, of which some hundreds have passed 
through my hands, offer no characters of sufficient importance to be described. 
“ August 25th, 1878.” 
A comparison between the dimensions of the foregoing molars and PI. IX, fig. 3, 
from Kent’s Cavern, attests the varieties in size to which these small teeth were subject 
in the Mammoth; whilst, on the other hand, their general agreement in possessing 
narrow plates, as compared with similar teeth of E. antiquus , E. meridionalis, and 
E. Africanus, and their affinities to the crown of the E. Asiaticus, from which they differ 
again in greater breadth, fully support characters distinctive of molars of E. primigenius. 
Prof. Boyd Dawkins’s specimens represent four individuals ; and whilst in PI. VIH, 
figs. 5, 4, 7 belonged to newly born Elephants, as indicated by unworn ridges and 
undeveloped fangs, fig. 6, by its well-worn crown embedded in cement and fully developed 
roots, shows that the owner had been browsing, and the pressure scar (fig. 6 b ) on 
the heel proves that the penultimate milk-tooth was in part invaded. Although the 
fangs are absent, or rather undeveloped, in the others, it will be observed, at all events 
