90 
BRITISH FOSSIL ELEPHANTS. 
in figs. 7 c and 4 c, that they were divergent, the same being not so apparent in fig. 5 c, 
which from its smaller size may have had a single fang only. 
All these molars are extremely interesting, seeing that they complete the entire 
molar series of the Mammoth, and must, in consequence, be considered a valuable 
addition to Proboscidean odontology. 
Affinities .—The a^fe-penultimate milk-molar in E. Asiaticus varies in the number of 
its ridges, but in no instance of many I have seen was the ridge-formula under a? 3 x ; it 
is not unfrequently x 4 x in either jaw. The plates are attenuated, like those of the 
Mammoth, but the enamel is deeply crimped. Its dimensions are not smaller, as 
compared with those of other species, 1 whilst it agrees in ridge-formula with .that of the 
Mammoth. 
From E. antiquus (PI. XII, figs. 3 and 3 a) the upper-jaw teeth will, I apprehend, 
distinguish themselves always by a higher ridge-formula and less thickening of plates— 
characters which are still more apparent in the teeth of E. meridionalis and E. 
Africanus. 
The Third or Penultimate Milk Molar. 
This tooth is plentiful in cavern and river deposits, but its small size prevents it 
being dredged with the larger members of the dental series. There is great sameness 
in dimensions of upper third milk-teeth of E. primigenius especially, more so perhaps 
than in any other species whose molars have been collected in equal numbers. The 
penultimate may be often mistaken for that of E. antiquus, more especially mandibular 
specimens. The ridges vary considerably in number. Falconer 2 sets down the formula at 
x 7 x to x 8 x, and Owen makes a similar statement, 8 but does not indicate whether or 
not the talons' are included. A large proportion of British and foreign specimens 
examined by me point to a belief that the majority of upper teeth hold x 6 x, and lower 
x 7 x ; but the extremes mark a considerable range, as will appear from the following. 
The largest specimen I have seen, doubtfully stated as being from the brick- 
earth of Ilford, is No. 582f, of the Collection in the Museum of the Royal College 
of Surgeons of England. It is an upper tooth, and holds x 9 x in 3'3xL4 inches in 
width. 
No. 4642, B. M. (PI. X, figs. 3 and 3 a), from Wookey Hole in the Mendip Hills, 
displays the broad crowns with thin enamel, somewhat crimpled towards the middle, but 
there is no central expansion or angulation of the disk as in E. antiquus. The oblique 
anterior, double middle, and large single posterior fang (fig. 3 a), are represented fractured ; 
1 ‘Monograph on E. antiquus ,’ p. 12. 
2 ‘Pal. Mem.,’ vol. ii, p. 159 to 103. 
3 ‘ Brit. Foss. Mam.,’ p. 223. The Kirkdale specimen here referred to, fig. 87, was afterwards 
shown by Falconer, ‘Pal. Mem.,’ vol. ii, p. 1/9, to belong to E. antiquus. 
