114 
BRITISH FOSSIL ELEPHANTS. 
The following are the only two instances of a last upper molar holding x 23 x that 
have come under my notice. 
A last true molar and an enormous spirally curved tusk were dug up within ten 
miles of Spalding, in Lincolnshire, and are now in the National Collection. The former, 
No. 39,69o, Plate IX, tig. 2 (half natural size), is truly a superb specimen, and contains 
a ridge-formula of x 23 a? in 13jx3 inches. The plates are rather thick, but not from 
any marked excess of any of the elements in particular. It contains eight plates in 
4f inches. The tusk has been already referred to at page 82. 
A Dogger-Bank specimen holds x 23 x in 10£x3|, and eight plates in 3’2 inches. 
Like all the ultimate molars from this shoal in Mr. Owles’s collection, B. M., the enamel 
is thin. The abnormality in the configuration of the disks whereby they are united near 
their middle by reflections of the enamel as shown on the crown, fig. 94 of the British 
Fossil Mammals, is further represented on that of an enormous last upper molar, No. D, 
11, 33 a, of the Woodwardian Museum. Unfortunately the locality of this specimen is 
unknown. The above irregularity is confined also to the anterior disks, which are more or 
less debited, to near the common base, and to the extent that only half a disk is preserved 
on one side, showing that the plates were incomplete near the enamel reflections as well 
as united for some distance along the middle of the plate. The character is unimportant 
as a distinction and deserves little attention, but for the circumstance that the somewhat 
similar condition was advanced by Parkinson as a specific character, apart from that of 
the usual crown of the Mammoth as then known to palaeontologists. 1 
The tooth in question holds x 23 x in 12x3^ inches and contains eight ridges in 
4^ inches. 
The ridge-formula of x 24 x is common in upper molars. 
A molar from the Dogger Bank showing the attenuated enamel, holds a ridge formula 
of x 24 x in 11^X4, or eight ridges in 3'7 inches, without a trace of crimping on the 
enamel of the disks. 
Another dredged specimen from Brightlingsea, Essex coast, in Dr. Breeds collection, 
has x 24 x in 9 inches. Like the Dogger-Bank teeth it is remarkable for its thin enamel. 
There is a very typical specimen of an ultimate upper molar from Ohio among the 
collection in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, and purchased on the occasion 
referred to at page 75. It is numbered 615 of the Catalogue and is described by 
Falconer. 2 Here, there are clear indications of twenty-four ridges, and the tooth is seemingly 
entire. The maximum antero-posterior measurement of the crown is 12^ and the 
greatest width 3 j inches. It holds eight ridges in 4|r inches. Cement here is in excess, 
but the enamel and dentine are sparse as usual in the Ohio teeth. 
The thin-plated crown appears to characterise also the teeth of Mammoths from 
Central France, as is well shown by M. Logard in the plates of the 'Archives du Mus. 
1 Organic Remains, pi. xx, figs, o and /, reproduced in British Fossil Mammals, as above stated. 
2 ‘Pal. Mem.,’ ii, p. 169. 
