ELEPI-IAS PRIMIGENIUS.—CRANIUM. 
127 
In ray c Monograph on E. antiquus} I showed a similar variation and inconstancy in 
the number of ridges in its molars. I had not then, however, made a close study of the 
teeth of E.primigenius, whose ridge formulae, according to the results of late researches, 
appear to me to stand as follows: 
(Elephas primigenius}) 
Milk Molars. 
I. 
Upper Molars ? —? 
II. 
III. 
x 9 x—x 12 x 
x 9 x—x 12 x 
Lower Molars x 2 x — 
True Molars. 
i — 
YI. 
x 14 x—x 16 x 
x 14 x—x 16 x 
VII. 
■x 16 x 18 x—x 27 x (x29 x ?) 
x 16 ® x 18 x—x 27 x (x 29 x f) 
x 9 x—x 15 x 
(Elephas antiquus .) 
Milk Molars. 
True Molars. 
III. 
V. VI. VII. 
Upper Molars x2 x—x 3 x x 5 x—x 7 x , x 8 x—x 10 x , 
T,nwpr lYTnlnrs ^ ‘-i •y _ 9 ' nn A ™_Q ™ ' L. n „i i ... * 
Lower Molars x 3 x— p ^ x & x—x S x^x 9 x—x U x ' xnx— 
IY. OSTEOLOGY, 
I. CRANIUM. 
The skull of the Mammoth presents much closer affinities to that of the Asiatic than 
to the African Elephant, or, indeed, any other proboscidean, as far as is known of their 
skeletons. This opinion, enunciated by Cuvier, has received further confirmation since 
his time. He characterised the skull of the Mammoth from that of every other species 
of Elephant then known to him, by the following :—1. A lengthened cranium. 2. Con¬ 
cave forehead. 3. Very long incisive alveoli. 4. Obtuse lower jaw. 5. Large grinders 
with closely packed and parallel laminae. 
The presumed presence of the pre-ante-penultimate milk molar requires the numbers to be arranged 
accordingly. It is here believed that the x2 x in the upper jaw of iE. antiquus represents the 
minimum ridge formula in the second or ante-penultimate, whilst the so-called pre-ante-penultimate or 
fiist milk molar shown in the ridge formula of the Mammoth has not hitherto been recognised in 
Just lately a molar came under my notice in the Museum of Zoology, Cambridge, from the 
gravel in the neighbourhood, with so low a ridge formula as x 8 x in 3'9 inches. I therefore make this 
alteration in the ridge formula as given at p. 47 of my Monograph. 
