ELEPHAS PRIMIGENIUS.—CRANIUM. 
133 
generally, however, the skull is tolerably entire, and is unique as far as the British 
Islands are concerned. 
The following admeasurements of crania of the Mammoth are compared with 
the recent species. Unfortunately no accurate data of the kind in connection with E. 
meridionalis have been, as far as I know, published, although there are magnificent skulls 
in the Museum of Florence. 
Ilford Cranium, 1 2 3 4 British 
Museum, PI. VI, fig. 1. 
(E. primigenius). 
Is 
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2 o § 
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a . o 
03 ^ 
sh o pi-: 
® bn 
J.5 = 
IS 
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^ 
O od £ 
0 
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X . * 
^ ofe) 
53 ^ 
Ph m .g 
I 
rp _• .533 
<» *rj ~ 
s s= ,| 
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0 §3- 
a 
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ii»'1 
Siberian. Oss. Fossil,, pi. 
xvii 5 (Adam’s skeleton), 
(E. primigenius). 
60 
• CC 
a ia 
. i-H ,~t ,—1 
p 05 
0 
— 
^ ® s 
-3P § -g 
a, 
India. 6 British Museum, 
presented by Corse (E . 
Asiaticus). 
Ceylon 7 . 2656, Mus. Roy. 
Coll. Surgeons, England 
{E. Asiaticus). 
African. 8 2845 B, Mus. 
Roy. Coll. Surgeons, 
England (E. Africanus). 
Inches. 
Inches. 
Inches. 
Inches. 
Inches. 
Inches. 
Inches. 
Inches. 
Inches. 
From the vertex to the premaxillaries 
491 
41 
561 
461 
51 
471 
42 
44 
241 
From the vertex to the nasals . 
16i 
21 
231 
191 
16 
23 
10 
Breadth at the post-orbital processes 
25± 
28 
271- 
27 
25 
21 
Greatest breadth of the cranium ... 
24 
24 
341 
34 
30 
22 
Space between the glenoid fossae ... 
From the occipital to the premaxil- 
16 
121 
16 
131 
101 
laries . 
From the occipital condyles to the 
36 
33 
37 
371 
34 
35 
271 
vertex . 
19 
21 
261 
301 
22 
22 
161 
It is important, since bones and teeth of E. meridionalis and E. antiquus were 
constantly confounded with those of the Mammoth, until Falconer established the pre¬ 
sence of three distinct species of Elephants among the materials in British collections, 
1 This cranium represents an aged Elephant with the ultimate true molars nearly one half invaded : 
from the size of the tusks, which are each 8 feet 8 inches from the alveolar border to the apex, and 26 
inches in their greatest girth, it was no doubt a male. 
2 The teeth in wear are the second true molars, which are more than half detrited. The individual 
was, therefore, full grown, but as the tusks are slender it may possibly have been a female. 
3 The tooth in this jaw has all the appearance, and Cuvier’s description points to it, of being the last 
true molar, well worn. The size of the alveoli of the tusks indicates an old bull Elephant. 
4 Undoubtedly the last molar was in use in this skull. 
6 I am not aware of any record of the exact state of the dentition of this famous specimen, but 
unquestionably the last of the series must have been in use. 
6 One of the largest specimens of skulls of the Asiatic Elephant, belonging to the long-tusked or 
Dauntelle variety. It is referred to by Corse, ‘ Phil. Trans.,’ 1798, p. 221, and may be the same cranium 
shown in pi. 18, fig. 4, of ‘Ossemens Fossiles.’ The tusk in the above is 46 inches along the convex 
side, and its maximum girth is 14 inches. The last true molar is in wear. 
7 The second true molar is more than half detrited, and the last is about one third worn. Tusks 
large. 
8 The first true molar is invaded in this skull. Tusks wanting. 
18 
