!52 BRITISH FOSSIL ELEPHANTS. 
8. Depth of the pubic symphysis 18 inches. It is 15 inches in No. 225, therefore 
less than in the Asiatic. 
9. Acetabulum 6X6^ (linear), by tape along the floor of the cup 8J X 7^ inches. In 
225 it is (linear) 8'5x9. The wide notch and flattened portion in front are pro¬ 
nounced. 
10. Foramen ovale Gx4*i inches. In 225 it is 10 - 5 X 7. 
11. Girth of pubis midshaft 8§ inches. 
12. Girth of ischium midshaft 9 inches. In No. 225 it is 12 inches. 
6. HUMERUS. 
Cuvier states that the humerus of the African is more slender than that of the Asiatic 
Elephant, whilst De Blainville asserts that the long bones generally are stouter and shorter 
than in the Elephant of Asia. Moreover, these two authorities further differ in opinion as 
to the degree of saliency of the supinator ridge, Cuvier stating that it is less, and De 
Blainville more, salient in the African as compared with the Asiatic. They agree that 
the bicipital groove is narrower and the deltoid crest not so low down in the Asiatic as 
in the African. The values of these characters seem, however, questionable, owing to the 
absence of sufficient instances of the skeleton of the latter in collections in comparison 
with bones of the former. The abundant materials relating to the Asiatic Elephant 
appear to me to show considerable inconstancy as regards the stoutness of the limb bones, 
more especially specimens from both Continental India and its islands. The “ slender 
built ” Sumatran Elephant contrasts with the “ squat built ” form of Central India, and 
are known by distinct designations. 1 The Central Indian Elephant is smaller than 
Ceylonese and sub-Himalayan. The same is reported of the Burmese and Siamese, 
which are said to be still smaller and shorter varieties, whilst some are tusldess. 
According to travellers there is considerable variability in the size of the African Elephant 
in different districts. 2 
1. As to the deltoid crest, it seems to me often difficult to exactly define its limits 
excepting on bones of aged wild individuals. (PI. XVI, figs. 4 and 5.) 
2 . The head and tuberosity in two specimens of the African Elephant appear more 
compressed in the African than in any instance of that of the Asiatic examined by me. 
3. With reference to the breadth and depth of the bicipital groove. It is shallow and 
open in the African (708h), and also in the humerus of a skeleton in the Royal College 
of Surgeons of Ireland, whereas it is very generally deep and narrow (almost tubular in 
certain instances) in the Asiatic, but there are exceptions, of which I have notes of two 
1 Falconer, op. cit., vol. ii, p. 257. Tennent’s ‘Ceylon,’ vol. iv, p. 291. 
2 Livingstone, ‘Travels in South Africa,’ p. 562, and ‘Last Journals,’ vol. ii, p. 29, where he alludes 
to a dwarf race averaging 5 feet 8 inches in height with a tusk 6 feet in length. 
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