156 
BRITISH FOSSIL ELEPHANTS. 
and a small piece of the supinator ridge, otherwise it is quite entire. The dimensions are 
given in the table, page 215. It is seven inches longer than the smallest adult humerus 
from Ilford in the British Museum, and is six inches shorter than that of the Lena 
skeleton in St. Petersburg!], which is forty inches long. The nutrient foramen in the 
former is situated about 1 5-5 inches from the head. 
A summary of the characters appertaining to the humerus of the Mammoth and 
Asiatic Elephant, in contradistinction to the same bone in the African species, and 
supported by numerous examples, refers to— 
1. Greater depth and narrowness of the bicipital groove. 
2. Greater compression of the head and tuberosity, 
3. Less saliency of the supinator ridge. 
4. Prominence of the deltoid ridge. 
5. Greater hollowing out of the shaft at the insertion of the supinator ridge. 
6. Narrow and deep trochlea. 
7. More defined margins of the cubital articular surfaces. 
A few comparisons between the humerus of E. primitjenius and that of E. antiqwus 
and E. meridionalis are referred to at p. 57, and will be further noticed in the sequel, 
page 216, in connection with the latter species. 
7. CUBITUS. 
Vina. 
1. Cuvier states that the radius crosses the ulna in a more oblique direction in the 
Asistic than in the African; and this appears to be the case as regards the forearm of 
708 h, B. M., African, as compared with several specimens of that of the Asiatic. 
In the Mammoth the bone commences to cross lower down than in either of the 
above, about the junction of the middle with the lower third, as shown in Plate XVIII, 
fig. 1. 
2. Busk has pointed out 1 that the radial sulcus of the ulna is more rounded and 
shallower in E. Africanus than in E. Asiaticus. 
Several ulnae of the Mammoth seem to agree with E■ Asiaticus, as shown in fig. 1 a. 
It will be noticed, however, presently, that there are exceptions to this condition among 
Arctic specimens in the British Museum. 
3. Busk further observes that the inner articular facet is wider at what may be 
termed the neck in the E. Africanus than in E. Asiaticus. Here, again, in the Mammoth, 
as seen in fig. 1 a, it presents the character of the latter. 
4. The anterior and lower third of the shaft is more flat in the African (708 h) than 
I have seen it in the Mammoth and Asiatic, which are much alike. 
1 Op. cit., p. 247. 
