ELEPHAS PRIMIGENIUS.—CUBITUS. 
157 
5. The posterior or olecranon ridge is more rounded and blunt in the African ulna 
than in any of the Mammoth and Asiatic I have examined ; it is also more arcuated in 
the former. 
6. The external border of the shaft is more rounded in the African specimen than 
obtains in many ulnae of the Asiatic, whereas in the Mammoth it is scarcely so sharp as 
in the latter. 
7. The distal articular surface varies so much in the convexity and configuration of 
the cuneiform aspect in the Mammoth and Asiatic as to appear to me of little value as a 
means of diagnosis. 
The above seem to me the only differences in any way persistent, at all events as far 
as many ulnae of the Mammoth and Asiatic are concerned. Of course, the data obtained 
from a single instance of the African Elephant cannot be considered very reliable. 
The two elements of the forearm of the Mammoth are well seen in specimens from the 
Arctic regions in the British Museum. Three ulnae from Eschscholtz Bay present only 
one character in any ways different from similar bones from Eford and other British 
localities. The exceptional condition is in the radial notch, which is wide, like that of the 
African, in two; whilst the third is like that of the Asiatic and all other ulnae of the 
Mammoth I have examined. 
The Brady Collection, B. M., contains fourteen specimens either entire or fragmentary. 
The right cubitus from Ilford (PI. XVIII, figs 1 and 2), although somewhat longer than 
any of the above, preserves the same characters. Of these forearm bones the ulna 
(No. 38,101) is 28 inches in length and its radius (38,012) 24J inches. The width 
of the proximal articulation is 7J, the cuneiform facet being 2| inches in the antero¬ 
posterior by 3^ inches in the transverse diameter. 1 
c 
The smallest entire ulna, j-^., Brady Collection, is 26 inches in length, being quite in 
proportion to the small humerus, 
C 
128' 
Thus, the arm and forearm of an individual of 
these dimensions would be about 4 feet 6 inches, and supposing the above and other bones 
proportionate to those of a recent Elephant they would give a height of about S feet 
at the shoulder, or the ordinary height of an adult of the Central-Indian variety, which, 
on the whole, furnishes a fair estimate of the size of the Mammoth which frequented 
South-eastern England and the banks of the Thames during the period of the deposition 
of the brick-earths of Ilford. 
Besides the instance recorded at p. 60, of anchylosis of the radius to the ulna, there 
is another highly characteristic example of the cubitus of a young Mammoth from Ilford 
in the National Collection, showing a complete bony union of the two elements. 
1 I may here observe that the articulating surfaces of the long bones were measured by tape along 
their surfaces ; the same with the acetabulum and glenoid cavity of the scapula, &c. 
