ELEPHAS PRTMIGENIUS.—TIBIA. 
167 
An abnormal femur, No. 255 of the Gunn Collection, with the ends completely 
consolidated, is 39 inches in length. The neck, instead of being much inclined, is nearly 
erect, with the head fully 51 inches above the level of the great trochanter, thus 
furnishing a marked exception to the generality of specimens. The girth midshaft is 
111 inches. This bone was dredged off Yarmouth. With the above exception it agrees 
in all the foregoing characters. Another femur from the East coast is 41 inches in 
length, with a girth of midshaft 13'8 inches. The characters agree with typical femora 
of the Mammoth. 
The patella is not common; there are two specimens in Dr. F. SpurrelPs Collection 
from Crayford. One indicates a small individual, as is also represented by several 
teeth and bones of the Mammoth from the same situation. Neither of the former differ 
from patellae of recent Elephants ; and they partake of like irregularities in shape. The 
smaller specimen is 3'5, X 3'4 inches in breadth, and has a girth of 9‘4 inches, whilst 
another is 4 X 4'5, and is 11'5 inches in circumference. 
The above instances of the femur in adult individuals sufficiently attest the varieties in 
size to which the Mammoth was subject—a mutability common also to recent species, 
and considering the world-wide distribution of the former, it need not be a matter for 
wonder that it was subject to considerable variability; still, considering the varieties of 
climate and physical conditions, there is a remarkable persistence of character throughout, 
as compared with allied forms, showing thereby that the main characters were preserved 
throughout the Post-Glacial period, whatever may have been the ancestral connections of 
the Mammoth. 
10. TIBIA. 
There appears to be in this bone little of importance of a very stable character dis¬ 
tinctive of species. The shin is prominent, with a deep cavity for the tibialis, in the 
generality of leg-bones of the Mammoth (PI. XIX, fig. 12), and also in the Asiatic. 
This point is scarcely so pronounced in the African Elephant. Like the other bones of 
the extremities, the tibia is shorter in the Mammoth than in the two last named. 
The facet at the distal end for the fibula is decidedly more oblique in the Ilford 
Mammoth (PI. XIX, fig. 12-5) and in the Asiatic Elephant than in the African; it is 
less apparent in the huge bones from the East coast, and in several relatively larger and 
stouter tibiae from the fluviatile deposits of the Thames Valley referable to E. antiquus, 
PI. XIX, fig. 11 b. 
The contours of the proximal articular surfaces of E. primigenius and E. antiquus, as 
shown in figs. 12 a and 11 a, present also differences; the latter being not so circular, 
might have tumbled out of the alveolus into the fisherman’s trawl. The specimen is an ultimate molar of 
the upper jaw, left side, and holds x 24 * in 14 X 3§. The highest colline is 8| inches. 
